Multi-model analysis of terrestrial carbon cycles in Japan: limitations and implications of model calibration using eddy flux observations

Ichii, Kazuhito; Suzuki, Takashi; Kato, Tomomichi; Ito, Akihiko; Hajima, Tomohiro; Ueyama, Masahito; Sasai, T.; Hirata, Ryuichi; Saigusa, Nobuko; Ohtani, Yoshikazu; Takagi, Kentaro

doi:10.5194/bg-7-2061-2010

Cited by 40 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Details of VISIT are described in Appendix A. The VISIT model has been modified by using flux tower data obtained from the AsiaFlux database, including the middle-aged larch forest at the Tomakomai site and mature mixed forest at the Teshio site, and carbon fluxes simulated with the amended model have shown good agreement with the observed values (Ito, 2008;Ichii et al, 2010Ichii et al, , 2013. However, the VISIT model has not been validated for young forests during the initial stage of growth.…”

Section: Model Applicationmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The VISIT model has been validated by using several flux data sets covering tropical to subarctic biomes, including mature mixed forest in Teshio and middle-aged larch forest in Tomakomai (Ito, 2008;Ichii et al, 2010Ichii et al, , 2013. In these studies, the parameters in Table A1 were determined manually by using a trial-and-error method to fit the output values of NEP, GPP, RE, NPP, and biomass to those derived from observation.…”

Section: R Hirata Et Al: Impact Of Climate Variation and Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan

et al. 2014

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Abstract. We evaluated the long-term (52-year) effect of climate, disturbance, and subsequent recovery on the carbon balance of cool temperate forests by using the processbased ecosystem model VISIT. The study sites were artificial larch forests planted after clear-cutting of mixed forest in Hokkaido, Japan. The model was validated, scenarios were computed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. First, we performed a baseline simulation of carbon dynamics and compared these values with those observed across a wide range of stand ages (old mixed forest and young and middle-aged larch forests). Second, we ran scenarios to investigate how disturbance and several climate factors affect long-term carbon fluxes. Third, we analyzed the sensitivity of carbon balance to the amount of disturbance-generated tree biomass residues. By taking into account seasonal variation in the understory leaf area index, which played an important role, especially in the initial stage of recovery, the simulated net ecosystem production (NEP), gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and biomass for the three types of forest were consistent with observed values (mean ± SD of R 2 of monthly NEP, GPP and RE for the three types of forest were 0.63 ± 0.26, 0.93 ± 0.07, 0.94 ± 0.2, respectively). The effect of disturbances such as clear-cutting, land-use conversion, and thinning on the long-term trend of NEP was larger than that of climate variation, even 50 years after clearcutting. In contrast, interannual variation in the carbon balance was primarily driven by climate variation. These findings indicate that disturbance controlled the long-term trend of the carbon balance, whereas climate factors controlled yearly variation in the carbon balance. Among the meteorological factors considered, temperature and precipitation were the main ones that affected NEP and its interannual variation. The carbon balance in the initial post-disturbance period, which is strongly affected by the amount of residues, influenced the subsequent long-term carbon budget, implying the importance of residue management. Consequently, carbon release just after disturbance and the length of the recovery period required to balance the carbon budget are controlled by the amount of residues.

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Section: Model Applicationmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: R Hirata Et Al: Impact Of Climate Variation and Disturbancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan

et al. 2014

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“…Site-level measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange, albeit covering footprints between ∼10 4 to 10 6 m 2 , essentially remain point measurements from a global Earth-system perspective. However, combining these flux observations with information from remote-sensing and gridded meteorological drivers via statistical machine-learning approaches (data-driven up-scaling) has allowed us to infer continental-to-global fields of ecosystem functions [gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET)] in recent years (11,12,16,17,(34)(35)(36). The seasonal and spatial variation of quantities such as GPP, ET, and sensible heat flux (H) can be estimated with very good performance (r 2 > 0.6) as shown in crossvalidation exercises (17).…”

Section: Global Functional Biogeographical Knowledge and Questions Frmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography

Reichstein

Bahn

Mahecha

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

271

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Classical biogeographical observations suggest that ecosystems are strongly shaped by climatic constraints in terms of their structure and function. On the other hand, vegetation function feeds back on the climate system via biosphere-atmosphere exchange of matter and energy. Ecosystem-level observations of this exchange reveal very large functional biogeographical variation of climate-relevant ecosystem functional properties related to carbon and water cycles. This variation is explained insufficiently by climate control and a classical plant functional type classification approach. For example, correlations between seasonal carbon-use efficiency and climate or environmental variables remain below 0.6, leaving almost 70% of variance unexplained. We suggest that a substantial part of this unexplained variation of ecosystem functional properties is related to variations in plant and microbial traits. Therefore, to progress with global functional biogeography, we should seek to understand the link between organismic traits and flux-derived ecosystem properties at ecosystem observation sites and the spatial variation of vegetation traits given geoecological covariates. This understanding can be fostered by synergistic use of both data-driven and theory-driven ecological as well as biophysical approaches.biogeochemistry | plant traits | carbon cycle | eddy covariance | FLUXNET O ne of the long-term objectives in global ecology is to understand the multifaceted functions of terrestrial ecosystems in the Earth system. Of particular interest are the salient properties of terrestrial ecosystems as biogeochemical reactors in the Earth system and biogeophysical controls of land-surface atmosphere interactions (1). Limited comprehension and observational uncertainties in the ecosystem functions are hampering the representation of the dynamic interactions of climate and human intervention with the biosphere in current Earthsystem models (2, 3). Clearly, the primary tools are models that compute fluxes across a variety of spatial levels (leaves, plants, ecosystems, landscapes, and biomes) and time scales (hours, days, seasons, years, decades, and centuries) (4-6). The implementation of terrestrial ecosystem models requires information on parameters of nonlinear algorithms that produce fluxes of carbon and water at the leaf level and integrate this information up to canopy and landscape scales. Therefore, a fundamental challenge in this context is to identify observations and observational patterns that allow us to parameterize the critical processes.Today, global ecology is entering the new era of "big data" side-by-side with other areas of science (7). We are better equipped than ever before for exploring observations at a variety of time and space scales that can be integrated into process-based models. Large datasets on both ecosystem and organismic levels are opening new opportunities and allow us to explore challenges that have so far been left untouched. At the ecosystem level, observations of the fluxes of carbon, wat...

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“…We used MODIS 1-km resolution subset data sets (collection 5; http://daac.ornl.gov/MODIS/), each of which consisted of 7 × 7-km regions centered on the flux towers. At each time step, we averaged the MODIS observations by only using high-quality pixels (with the mandatory quality assurance -QA -flag being good in the QA data) based on the method of Yang et al (2007) and Ichii et al (2010), and missing data were replaced by a long-term average calculated using high-quality pixels. The original eight days' composite products were converted to monthly averages during study period for each site, although LAI for TSE is that only in 2010.…”

Section: Lai Data and Phenological Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and seasonal variations of CO₂flux and photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of larch forests in East Asia

Takagi

Hirata

Ide

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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Larch (Larix spp.) forests are predominantly distributed across high latitudes of Eurasia. They potentially have a strong influence on the terrestrial carbon and energy cycles, because of their vast area and the large carbon stocks in their peat soils in the permafrost. In this study, we elucidated intersite variation of ecosystem photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of eight larch forests in East Asia using the CarboEastAsia carbon flux and micrometeorology dataset. These parameters were determined using the empirical relationship between the carbon fluxes (photosynthesis and respiration) and micrometeorological variables (light and temperature). In addition, we examined leaf area index (LAI) determined by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data to explain the intersite variation. Linear or exponential relationships with annual mean temperature or seasonal maximum LAI at the study sites were found for the annual carbon fluxes (gross primary production [GPP] and total ecosystem respiration [RE]) as well as for four of the five seasonal maximum values of determined photosynthetic and respiratory parameters (maximum GPP at light saturation, initial slope of the light-response curve, daytime respiration, and RE at the reference temperature of 10°C). Phenological indices, such as start day of the growing season, growing season length and growing season degree days explained much of the intersite variation of GPP and RE of the studied larch forests; however, the relationship between MODIS LAI and photosynthetic or respiratory parameters implies that the intersite variation in GPP and RE was caused not only by the temperature variation (abiotic factor), but also by the variation in the photosynthetic and respiration activity by vegetation (biotic factor) through the change in leaf (or whole vegetation) biomass. Our analysis shows that MODIS LAI serves as a good index to explain the variation of the ecosystem photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics of East Asian larch forests.

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Multi-model analysis of terrestrial carbon cycles in Japan: limitations and implications of model calibration using eddy flux observations

Cited by 40 publications

References 66 publications

The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan

The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan

Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography

Spatial and seasonal variations of CO₂flux and photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of larch forests in East Asia

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Multi-model analysis of terrestrial carbon cycles in Japan: limitations and implications of model calibration using eddy flux observations

Cited by 40 publications

References 66 publications

The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan

The impact of climate variation and disturbances on the carbon balance of forests in Hokkaido, Japan

Linking plant and ecosystem functional biogeography

Spatial and seasonal variations of CO2flux and photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of larch forests in East Asia

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Spatial and seasonal variations of CO₂flux and photosynthetic and respiratory parameters of larch forests in East Asia