“…Yet, this is not always the case, and price deviations between ADRs and their underlying stocks arise. The existing literature attributes these deviations to different sources including exchange rate expectations, transaction costs, consumer sentiment, holding costs, macroeconomic events, domestic trading volume, and liquidity (Eichler, Karmann, & Malritz, 2009;Kadiyala & Kadiyala, 2004;Grossman, Ozuna, & Simpson, 2007;Gagnon & Karolyi, 2010;Hsu & Wang, 2008;Chan, Jain, & Xia, 2008). Prices must also be adjusted by the conversion ratio.…”