Multi-limb acquisition of motor evoked potentials and its application in spinal cord injury

Iyer, Shrivats M.; Maybhate, Anil; Presacco, Alessandro; All, Angelo H.

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.08.017

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Immunohistochemistry is commonly used to colocalize synaptic proteins with axons of interest, but this approach alone can be only indicative of synapse function Lu et al, 2014b;Du et al, 2015;. To assess functional connectivity between cortex and spinal cord after spinal injury, a variety of transcranial or microstimulation methods to activate cell bodies or proximal axon tracts have been paired with monitoring of neuronal or muscle activity in distal locations (Fouad et al, 2001;Girgis et al, 2007;Cao et al, 2010;Iyer et al, 2010;Hunanyan et al, 2013;Tandon et al, 2013). Similarly, previous work has used optogenetic stimulation of cortical cell bodies to track injury-induced shifts in motor maps of forelimb movement (Harrison et al, 2012(Harrison et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optogenetic Interrogation of Functional Synapse Formation by Corticospinal Tract Axons in the Injured Spinal Cord

et al. 2016

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To restore function after injury to the CNS, axons must be stimulated to extend into denervated territory and, critically, must form functional synapses with appropriate targets. We showed previously that forced overexpression of the transcription factor Sox11 increases axon growth by corticospinal tract (CST) neurons after spinal injury. However, behavioral outcomes were not improved, raising the question of whether the newly sprouted axons are able to form functional synapses. Here we developed an optogenetic strategy, paired with single-unit extracellular recordings, to assess the ability of

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optogenetic Interrogation of Functional Synapse Formation by Corticospinal Tract Axons in the Injured Spinal Cord

et al. 2016

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“…17,43 In multisystem trauma, the neurological examination is further complicated if there is head injury, 143 ; and Farrar and colleagues (2011) 144 , with permission of the publishers. Color image is available online at www.liebertpub.com/neu extremity fractures and casts, peripheral nerve injury, preexisting neurological disease such as neuropathy, and obtunding medications or drugs.…”

Section: Neurophysiological Assessment Techniques In Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Cord Injury: How Can We Improve the Classification and Quantification of Its Severity and Prognosis?

Krishna

Andrews

Varma

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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The preservation of functional neural tissue after spinal cord injury (SCI) is the basis for spontaneous neurological recovery. Some injured patients in the acute phase have more potential for recovery than others. This fact is problematic for the construction of clinical trials because enrollment of subjects with variable recovery potential makes it difficult to detect effects, requires large sample sizes, and risks Type II errors. In addition, the current methods to assess injury and recovery are non-quantitative and not sensitive. It is likely that therapeutic combinations will be necessary to cause substantially improved function after SCI, thus we need highly sensitive techniques to evaluate changes in motor, sensory, autonomic and other functions. We review several emerging neurophysiological techniques with high sensitivity. Quantitative methods to evaluate residual tissue sparing after severe acute SCI have not entered widespread clinical use. This reduces the ability to correlate structural preservation with clinical outcome following SCI resulting in enrollment of subjects with varying patterns of tissue preservation and injury into clinical trials. We propose that the inclusion of additional measures of injury severity, pattern, and individual genetic characteristics may enable stratification in clinical trials to make the testing of therapeutic interventions more effective and efficient. New imaging techniques to assess tract injury and demyelination and methods to quantify tissue injury, inflammatory markers, and neuroglial biochemical changes may improve the evaluation of injury severity, and the correlation with neurological outcome, and measure the effects of treatment more robustly than is currently possible. The ability to test such a multimodality approach will require a high degree of collaboration between clinical and research centers and government research support. When the most informative of these assessments is determined, it may be possible to identify patients with substantial recovery potential, improve selection criteria and conduct more efficient clinical trials.

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“…Our SCI model has been previously described (Agrawal et al, 2008(Agrawal et al, , 2010a(Agrawal et al, , 2010bAl-Nashash et al, 2009;All et al, 2009All et al, , 2010All et al, , 2012Iyer et al, 2010;Kerr et al, 2010;Bazley et al, 2011Bazley et al, , 2012aBazley et al, , 2012b. A laminectomy was performed by removing the T8 thoracic vertebra to expose the dorsal surface of the spinal cord without opening the dura mater.…”

Section: Laminectomy and Contusion Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Local and General Hypothermia on Temperature Profiles of the Central Nervous System Following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Bazley

Pashai²,

Kerr

et al. 2014

Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management

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Local and general hypothermia are used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as other neurological traumas. While hypothermia is known to provide significant therapeutic benefits due to its neuroprotective nature, it is unclear how the treatment may affect healthy tissues or whether it may cause undesired temperature changes in areas of the body that are not the targets of treatment. We performed 2-hour moderate general hypothermia (32°C core) or local hypothermia (30°C spinal cord) on rats that had received either a moderate contusive SCI or laminectomy (control) while monitoring temperatures at three sites: the core, spinal cord, and cortex. First, we identified that injured rats that received general hypothermia exhibited larger temperature drops at the spinal cord (-3.65°C, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] -3.72, -3.58) and cortex ( -3.64°C, CIs -3.73, -3.55) than uninjured rats (spinal cord: -3.17°C, CIs -3.24, -3.10; cortex: -3.26°C, CIs -3.34, -3.17). This was found due to elevated baseline temperatures in the injured group, which could be due to inflammation. Second, both general hypothermia and local hypothermia caused a significant reduction in the cortical temperature (-3.64°C and -1.18°C, respectively), although local hypothermia caused a significantly lower drop in cortical temperature than general hypothermia ( p < 0.001). Lastly, the rates of rewarming of the cord were not significantly different among the methods or injury groups that were tested; the mean rate of rewarming was 0.13 -0.1°C/ min. In conclusion, local hypothermia may be more suitable for longer durations of hypothermia treatment for SCI to reduce temperature changes in healthy tissues, including the cortex.

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Multi-limb acquisition of motor evoked potentials and its application in spinal cord injury

Cited by 38 publications

References 39 publications

Optogenetic Interrogation of Functional Synapse Formation by Corticospinal Tract Axons in the Injured Spinal Cord

Optogenetic Interrogation of Functional Synapse Formation by Corticospinal Tract Axons in the Injured Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord Injury: How Can We Improve the Classification and Quantification of Its Severity and Prognosis?

The Effects of Local and General Hypothermia on Temperature Profiles of the Central Nervous System Following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

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