“…This design facilitates the incorporation of both global and local information, making it particularly effective for tasks where accurate delineation of structures is crucial, such as in identifying organs [40,41], tumors [42], and anatomical features [43,39,44]. Beyond image segmentation, the U-Net's versatility has led to its adoption in various medical imaging applications, including image denoising [45,46], registration [47,48], and super-resolution [49,50,51], showcasing its adaptability and robust performance across different scenarios. Multi-resolution U-Nets: To overcome the limitations related to the size of the data set and sparse annotations described in the introduction, we propose a cascaded resolution approach, inspired by previous works [29,52], in combination with semi-supervised learning, which takes in volumetric inputs downsampled at different resolutions, while ensuring that all U-Net components receive inputs of the same size.…”