Multi-layered network structure of amino acid (AA) metabolism characterized by each essential AA-deficient condition

Shikata, Nahoko; Maki, Yasuyuki; Noguchi, Yasushi; Mori, Masato; Hanai, Taizo; Takahashi, Michio; Okamoto, Masahiro

doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0412-0

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…1). In animals, plasma amino acids fluctuate according to nutritional intake, particularly in response to protein content and single amino acid deficiency [20, 21]. In experiment 1, we characterized plasma amino acid levels in rats that were deficient in protein quality and quantity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Concept of Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve the Growth of Young Malnourished Male Rats

Furuta¹,

Murakami²

2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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Backgrounds/Aims: This study was aimed at understanding the relationship between plasma amino acids and protein malnutrition and at determining whether amino acid supplementation associated with malnutrition and growth improves linear growth in growing rats. Methods: Body length and plasma amino acids were measured in young male rats that were fed the following diet for 3 weeks, mimicking a low and imbalanced protein diets based on maize, a major staple consumed in developing countries: a 70% calorically restricted cornmeal-based diet (C), C + micronutrients (CM), CM + casein (CMC), CM + soy protein (CMS) or CMS + 0.3% lysine. Results: A correlation analysis of linear growth and plasma amino acids indicated that lysine, tryptophan, branched-chain amino acids, methionine, and phenylalanine significantly correlated with body length. Supplementation with these 5 amino acids (AA1) significantly improved the body length in rats compared to CMC treatment whereas, nitrogen-balanced amino acid supplemented controls (AA2) did not (CM +1.2 ± 0.2, CMC +2.7 ± 0.3, CMS +2.1 ± 0.3, AA1 +2.8 ± 0.2, and AA2 +2.5 ± 0.3 cm). Conclusion: With securing proper amino acid balance, supplementing growth-related amino acids is more effective in improving linear growth in malnourished growing male rats. Analysis of the correlation between plasma amino acids and growth represents a powerful tool to determine candidate amino acids for supplementation to prevent malnutrition. This technology is adaptable to children in developing countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Concept of Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve the Growth of Young Malnourished Male Rats

Furuta¹,

Murakami²

2018

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…From an estimation of plasma amino acid network structure, lysine is located at the top control level and has effects on almost all of the other plasma amino acids while no other amino acids can affect the concentration of lysine ( 9 ). Similar to animals with protein or multiple amino acid deficiencies, rats and pigs fed low lysine diets grew more slowly and less efficiently than those fed control diets ( 10 , 11 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Muscle Protein Metabolism during Compensatory Growth with Changing Dietary Lysine Levels from Deficient to Sufficient in Growing Rats

Ishida

Kyoya

Nakashima

et al. 2011

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Livestock and laboratory animals show compensatory growth when they are fed ad libitum following a period of restriction feeding. Lysine is a major limiting essential amino acid in the diets both for humans and animals. We hypothesized that changing dietary lysine levels from deficient to sufficient induced compensatory growth in young rats. We elucidated the effect of lysine sufficiency on the dynamics of hormones, relevant to muscle protein synthesis and degradation, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and corticosterone, and on the expression of proteolytic-related genes in skeletal muscle during compensatory growth. Lysine sufficiency where the dietary lysine level was increased from 0.46% to 1.30% after 2 wk of subjecting the rats to the lower lysine level induced 80% enhancement of growth rate of rats. During compensatory growth with the lysine sufficiency, fractional muscle protein synthesis rates were higher whereas fractional muscle protein degradation rates were lower than those of the control group ( p Ͻ 0.05). After lysine sufficiency, the expression of atrogin-1/MAFbx mRNA was decreased in gastrocnemius muscle ( p Ͻ 0.05). With the lysine sufficiency, serum IGF-I concentration increased ( p Ͻ 0.05) whereas serum corticosterone decreased ( p Ͻ 0.05). These findings suggest that compensatory growth with lysine sufficiency is due to a change of hormone levels before and after changing diets, resulting in incrementation of protein synthesis and suppression of protein degradation of skeletal muscle. Key Words compensatory growth, lysine, rat, IGF-I, corticosteroneOne of the important subjects in nutritional science is to elucidate how humans and animals respond and adapt to transitions of nutritional status and changes of metabolic reaction that occur during the adaptation.There are numerous reports about adaptation of animals to excess or deficiency of nutrients or energy in diets. Compensatory growth is an example of adaptation to nutritional status. Livestock and laboratory animals show compensatory growth when they are fed ad libitum following a period of restricted feeding or fed adequate energy following a period of energy restriction ( 1-3 ). Previous studies in rats and pigs showed that when animals that had been fed a protein-free or a low protein diet were refed a diet containing a sufficient amount of protein, they developed faster than animals fed a control diet particularly for the first few days after the diet replacement ( 4-6 ). Promoted protein accumulation during compensatory growth is due to a larger difference between the rate of muscle protein synthesis and the rate of muscle protein degradation compared to normal growth. The phenomenon has been considered a transitional state in adapting to the nutritional status. Both anabolic and catabolic hormones may be involved in this response. All of these previous studies indicate that sufficiency of dietary protein and amino acid levels plays a role as a trigger for compensatory growth in animals. However, these studies provide no ...

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“…Diets that lack only one of the essential amino acids (minus-one diets) decrease the plasma level of the deficient amino acid and induce metabolic changes (9,33,34). The decrease in the plasma amino acid level predisposes tissues toward proteolysis to produce the deficient amino acid from endogenous proteins, and this proteolysis yields all 20 proteinogenic amino acids (14,39).…”

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“…Hepatic serine and threonine are recruited to accept amino groups when rats are fed any minusone diets. Although the entire mechanism is not yet known, enhanced expression of the serine-synthesizing enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH; EC1.1.1.95) seems to be involved (21,34). PHGDH is the rate-limiting enzyme for serine biosynthesis from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate in the glycolytic pathway (10,36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary wheel running is beneficial to the amino acid profile of lysine-deficient rats

Nagao

Bannai

Seki

et al. 2010

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Rats voluntarily run up to a dozen kilometers per night when their cages are equipped with a running wheel. Daily voluntary running is generally thought to enhance protein turnover. Thus, we sought to determine whether running worsens or improves protein degradation caused by a lysine-deficient diet and whether it changes the utilization of free amino acids released by proteolysis. Rats were fed a lysine-deficient diet and were given free access to a running wheel or remained sedentary (control) for 4 wk. Amino acid levels in plasma, muscle, and liver were measured together with plasma insulin levels and tissue weight. The lysine-deficient diet induced anorexia, skeletal muscle loss, and serine and threonine aminoacidemia, and it depleted plasma insulin and essential amino acids in skeletal muscle. Allowing rats to run voluntarily improved these symptoms; thus, voluntary wheel running made the rats less susceptible to dietary lysine deficiency. Amelioration of the declines in muscular leucine and plasma insulin observed in running rats could contribute to protein synthesis together with the enhanced availability of lysine and other essential amino acids in skeletal muscle. These results indicate that voluntary wheel running under lysine-deficient conditions does not enhance protein catabolism; on the contrary, it accelerates protein synthesis and contributes to the maintenance of muscle mass. The intense nocturnal voluntary running that characterizes rodents might be an adaptation of lysine-deficient grain eaters that allows them to maximize opportunities for food acquisition.

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Multi-layered network structure of amino acid (AA) metabolism characterized by each essential AA-deficient condition

Cited by 32 publications

References 39 publications

A Novel Concept of Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve the Growth of Young Malnourished Male Rats

A Novel Concept of Amino Acid Supplementation to Improve the Growth of Young Malnourished Male Rats

Muscle Protein Metabolism during Compensatory Growth with Changing Dietary Lysine Levels from Deficient to Sufficient in Growing Rats

Voluntary wheel running is beneficial to the amino acid profile of lysine-deficient rats

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