Multi-layered analyses using directed partitioning to identify and discriminate between biogenic amines

Abstract

Multiple layers of statistical analyses were used to decipher the response from a single, cross-reactive conjugated polymer (1) providing enhanced classification accuracies over traditional multivariate statistical approaches. This analysis was demonstrated by classifying a series of seven biologically relevant, nonvolatile amines (i.e. biogenic amines). If only a single layer of analysis was employed (linear discriminant analysis), 89% classification accuracy was achieved lacking any concentration information. However, using this multi-layered, group-ungroup method, the analytes were first categorized based on general class of molecule (directed partitioning), i.e. aromatic, aliphatic, polyamines, with 98% accuracy. In a second analysis layer, these sub-groups were broken down into the individual molecular components, with the aliphatic and aromatic amines classifying near 99%, while the polyamine identification accuracy approached 90%. In the third layer of analysis, the concentration of the analytes in question was determined in the biologically relevant range within approximately 10% accuracy by following trends in the principle component analysis output.

Fluorometric Sensing of Biogenic Amines with Aggregation‐Induced Emission‐Active Tetraphenylethenes

“…The detection limit of BDA was estimated to be at the parts per billion (ppb) level, which is noticeably more sensitive than previously reported colorimetric sensors. [14] The dramatic enhancement in the fluorescence intensity upon addition of BDA is rationalized in terms of aggregation triggered by divalent interactions of BDA with 1 appending carboxylic acid groups, as illustrated in Scheme 1c. Indeed, after filtration with an 0.45 mm pore size membrane, the solution returned to being nonluminescent.…”

“…Alternatively, Lavigne et al recently demonstrated a colorimetric method for the detection and identification of amines by using carboxylic acid functionalized poly(thiophene). [14] The chromic responses resulting from the nonspecific interaction between the polymer and amines were utilized to distinguish amines by using statistical analysis. A sensor array based on analyte-specific patterns arising from the differential binding affinity of a set of nonspecific receptors is attractive, because this sensing approach simplifies the sensor design.…”

Colorimetric Sensor Design

“…This technique was further applied to detect biogenic amines related to food freshness, even in complicated fish matrices (Fig. 14.10) [126,127]. As can be seen in the figure, this polythiophene sensor had a linear response to varying concentrations of histamine.…”

“…The Lavigne group has used conjugated polymer aggregation in colorimetric sensory systems for the detection of structurally similar diamines [86], biogenic amines [126,127], and soft divalent metal ions [128]. Carboxylatefunctionalized polythiophenes (14) were used in this work, which would form favorable connections with the analytes listed through both electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions.…”

Colorimetric Detection of Spermine by the CuII Complex of Imine‐Based Organic Nanoaggregates in Aqueous Medium

“…In other words, the origin of BAs can be categorized as endogenous or exogenous. [1][2][3] In the human body BAs are formed by various metabolic process and are necessary in diverse physiological functions. For example, spermine and spermidine regulate growth, serotonin acts as a neural transmitter, histamine and tyramine are inflammation agents, and BAs are involved in cell-membrane equilibrium, cell propagation, and the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and various proteins.…”