Multi-Instrument Rainfall-Rate Estimation in the Peruvian Central Andes

Valdivia, Jairo M.; Scipion, Danny; Milla, Marco; Silva, Yamina

doi:10.1175/jtech-d-19-0105.1

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The main characteristics of all radars can be observed in Table 1. More information about inter-comparison between BLTR, CLAIRE and MIRA-35C can be found in [19].…”

Section: Radars and Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Extreme Meteorological Events in the Central Andes of Peru Using a Set of Specialized Instruments

et al. 2021

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A set of instruments to measure several physical, microphysical, and radiative properties of the atmosphere and clouds are essential to identify, understand and, subsequently, forecast and prevent the effects of extreme meteorological events, such as severe rainfall, hailstorms, frost events and high pollution events, that can occur with some regularity in the central Andes of Peru. However, like many other Latin American countries, Peru lacks an adequate network of meteorological stations to identify and analyze extreme meteorological events. To partially remedy this deficiency, the Geophysical Institute of Peru has installed a set of specialized sensors (LAMAR) on the Huancayo observatory (12.04° S, 75.32° W, 3350 m ASL), located in the Mantaro river basin, which is a part of the central Andes of Peru, especially in agricultural areas. LAMAR consists of a set of sensors that are used to measure the main atmosphere and soil variables located in a 30-meter-high tower. It also has a set of high-quality radiation sensors (BSRN station) that helps measure the components of short-wave (SW) (global, diffuse, direct and reflected) and long-wave (LW) (emitted and incident) irradiance mounted in a 6-meter-high tower. Moreover, to analyze the microphysics properties of clouds and rainfall, LAMAR includes a set of profiler radars: A Ka-band cloud profiler (MIRA-35c), a UHF wind profiler (CLAIRE), and a VHF wind profiler (BLTR), along with two disdrometers (PARSIVEL2) and two rain gauges pluviometers. The present study performs a detailed dynamic and energetic analysis of two extreme rainfall events, two intense frost events, and three high-pollution events occurring on the Huancayo observatory between 2018 and 2019. The results show that the rainfall events are similar to the 1965–2019 climatological 90th percentile of the daily accumulated rainfall. The results also highlighted the patterns of reflectivity in function of height for both events, which is measured by highlighting the presence of convective and stratiform rainfall types for both events. The first intense rainfall event was associated with strong easterly circulations at high levels of the atmosphere, and the second one was associated with the presence of strong westerly circulations and the absence of BH-NL system around the central Andes. The first frost event was mainly associated with continuous clear sky conditions in the few previous days, corresponding to a radiative frost event. The second one was mainly associated with the intrusion of cold surges from extra-tropical South America. For both events, the energy budget components were strong-lower in comparison to the mean monthly values during early morning hours. Finally, for the high pollution events, the study identified that the main source of aerosols were the forest fires that took place in Peru with certain contributions from the fires in the northern area of Bolivia.

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“…The main characteristics of all radars can be observed in Table 1. More information about inter-comparison between BLTR, CLAIRE and MIRA-35C can be found in [19].…”

Section: Radars and Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Extreme Meteorological Events in the Central Andes of Peru Using a Set of Specialized Instruments

et al. 2021

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“…The DSD data output from the WS100 sensors consists of a table with the number of (e.g., [9,14,15]).…”

Section: Drop Size Distribution (Dsd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further comparisons of the Parsivel 2 with 2D-video disdrometers have shown that the Pasivel 2 underestimates drops smaller than 0.76 mm and overestimates drops greater than 4 mm [12], and corrections have been proposed to improve data quality [6,7]. Valdivia et al [9] compared the Parsivel 2 with tipping bucket rain gauges and a couple of radar profilers in the central Andes (3315 m MSL), founding a systematic underestimation in the event rain totals (18% bias and 19% absolute bias). However the Parsivel 2 measurements are even more reliable than those provided by radar, and DSD retrievals are necessary for the radar algorithms optimization [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Campaign Evaluation of Sensors GMX500 and WS100 in Peruvian Central Andes

Valdivia¹,

Guizado²,

Rojas³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The research presents the inter-comparison of atmospheric variables measured by 9 automatic meteorological stations. This set of data was compared with the measurements of other meteorological stations in order to standardize the values that must be adjusted when taken to different areas. The data of a set of a total of 9 GMX500, which measures conventional meteorological variables, and 10 WS100 sensors, which measures precipitation parameters. The automatic stations were set up at the Huancayo Observatory (Geophysical Institute of Peru) for a period of 5 months. The data set of GMX500 were evaluated comparing with the average of the 9 sensors and the WS100 was compared with a optical disdrometer Parsivel2. The temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall rate, and drop size distribution was evaluated. A pair of GMX500 sensors presented high data dispersion, it was found found that the errors came from a bad configuration; once this problem was solved, good agreement was archived, with low RMSE and high correlation. I was found that the WS100 sensors overestimate the precipitation with a percent bias close to 100% and the differences increase with the greater intensity of rain. The DSD retrieved by WS100 have unrealistic behavior with higher concentrations in diameters of 1 mm and 5 mm, in addition to a flattened curve.

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“…On the other hand, the Lufft is a brand of OTT Hydromet (www.ott.com, accessed on 4 February 2022) and has been developing and producing professional components for climate and environment for more than 135 years. Some OTT instruments such as the optical disdrometer Parsivel 2 have been extensively used and evaluated (e.g., [5][6][7][8][9][10]). However, the WS100 rain sensor practically unknown in the scientific world and there are no studies evaluating how reliable its DSD retrievals are, as it is the case with the Parsivel 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further comparisons of the Parsivel 2 with 2D-video disdrometers have shown that the Pasivel 2 underestimates drops smaller than 0.76 mm and overestimates drops greater than 4 mm [13], and corrections have been proposed to improve data quality [6,7]. Valdivia et al [9] compared the Parsivel 2 with tipping bucket rain gauges and a couple of radar profilers in the central Andes (3315 m MSL), founding a systematic underestimation in the event rain totals (18% bias and 19% absolute bias). However the Parsivel 2 measurements are even more reliable than those provided by radar, and DSD retrievals are necessary for the radar algorithms optimization [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Campaign Evaluation of Sensors Lufft GMX500 and MaxiMet WS100 in Peruvian Central Andes

Valdivia

Guizado

Flores

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The research presents the inter-comparison of atmospheric variables measured by 9 automatic weather stations. This set of data was compared with the measurements of other weather stations in order to standardize the values that must be adjusted when taken to different areas. The data of a set of a total of 9 GMX500, which measures conventional meteorological variables, and 10 WS100 sensors, which measures precipitation parameters. The automatic stations were set up at the Huancayo Observatory (Geophysical Institute of Peru) for a period of 5 months. The data set of GMX500 were evaluated comparing with the average of the 9 sensors and the WS100 was compared with an optical disdrometer Parsivel2. The temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall rate, and drop size distribution were evaluated. A pair of GMX500 sensors presented high data dispersion; it was found found that the errors came from a bad configuration; once this problem was solved, good agreement was archived, with low RMSE and high correlation. It was found that the WS100 sensors overestimate the precipitation with a percentage bias close to 100% and the differences increase with the greater intensity of rain. The drop size distribution retrieved by WS100 have unrealistic behavior with higher concentrations in diameters of 1 mm and 5 mm, in addition to a flattened curve.

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Multi-Instrument Rainfall-Rate Estimation in the Peruvian Central Andes

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Analysis of Extreme Meteorological Events in the Central Andes of Peru Using a Set of Specialized Instruments

Analysis of Extreme Meteorological Events in the Central Andes of Peru Using a Set of Specialized Instruments

Field Campaign Evaluation of Sensors GMX500 and WS100 in Peruvian Central Andes

Field Campaign Evaluation of Sensors Lufft GMX500 and MaxiMet WS100 in Peruvian Central Andes

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