Multi-hop quantum key distribution with passive relays over underwater turbulence channels

Raouf, Amir Hossein Fahim; Safari, Majid; Uysal, Murat

doi:10.1364/josab.404245

“…Moreover, they also confirm that the performance in terms of SKGR can be improved if the decoy-state protocol is adopted. To overcome range limitations due to absorption, scattering and turbulence, in [73] a multi-hop UQKD system is investigated, where intermediate nodes support the key distribution process.…”

Section: Shi Et Al Investigate the Scattering And Absorption Properti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A tutorial on Underwater Quantum Key distribution

Paglierani¹,

Raouf²,

Pelekanakis³

et al. 2023

Preprint

1

0

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<p>The growing importance of Underwater Networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea enforces the need for secure Underwater Communications (UCs). Classical encryption techniques can be used to achieve secure data exchange in UNs. However, the advent of Quantum Computing will pose threats to classical cryptography, thus challenging also UCs. Currently, underwater crypto-systems mostly adopt symmetric ciphers, which are considered computationally quantum-robust, but pose the challenge of distributing the secret key upfront. A promising approach to overcome the key distribution problem is based on Post-Quantum Public-Key (PQPK) protocols. The security of PQPK protocols, however, only relies on the assumed computational complexity of some underlying mathematical problems. Moreover, the use of resource hungry PQPK algorithms in resource-constrained environments such as UNs can require non-trivial hardware/software optimization efforts. An alternative approach is underwater Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which promises unconditional security built upon the physical principles of Quantum Mechanics. This tutorial provides a basic introduction to free-space Underwater QKD (UQKD). At first, the basic concepts of QKD are presented, based on a fully worked out QKD example. A thorough state-of-the-art analysis of UQKD is carried out. The paper subsequently provides a theoretical analysis of the QKD performance through free-space underwater channels, and its dependence on the key optical parameters of the system and seawater. Finally, open challenges, points of strength and perspectives of UQKD are identified and discussed.</p>

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“…This water classification scheme has been adopted in several papers available in the literature, e.g., [69]- [73]. However, it should be remarked that some works strictly adopt the values proposed by Mobley in [68] for the extinction, absorption and scattering parameters.…”

Section: A Classification Of Water Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This section will provide closed-form bounds for such parameters when BB84 is applied to underwater channels, considering the impact of turbulence and solar irradiance, as reported in the studies in [73], [81]. The effects of several system and channel parameters on the UQKD performance are also discussed, to practically demonstrate the usefulness of the provided analytical tools.…”

Section: Performance Of Underwater Qkdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Primer to Underwater Quantum Key Distribution

Paglierani¹,

Raouf²,

Pelekanakis³

et al. 2023

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

<p>The growing importance of Underwater Networks (UNs) in mission-critical activities at sea enforces the need for secure Underwater Communications (UCs). Classical encryption techniques can be used to achieve secure data exchange in UNs. However, the advent of Quantum Computing will pose threats to classical cryptography, thus challenging also UCs. Currently, underwater crypto-systems mostly adopt symmetric ciphers, which are considered computationally quantum-robust, but pose the challenge of distributing the secret key upfront. A promising approach to overcome the key distribution problem is based on Post-Quantum Public-Key (PQPK) protocols. The security of PQPK protocols, however, only relies on the assumed computational complexity of some underlying mathematical problems. Moreover, the use of resource hungry PQPK algorithms in resource-constrained environments such as UNs can require non-trivial hardware/software optimization efforts. An alternative approach is underwater Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which promises unconditional security built upon the physical principles of Quantum Mechanics. This tutorial provides a basic introduction to free-space Underwater QKD (UQKD). At first, the basic concepts of QKD are presented, based on a fully worked out QKD example. A thorough state-of-the-art analysis of UQKD is carried out. The paper subsequently provides a theoretical analysis of the QKD performance through free-space underwater channels, and its dependence on the key optical parameters of the system and seawater. Finally, open challenges, points of strength and perspectives of UQKD are identified and discussed.</p>

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“…With the gradual maturity of quantum communication technology, it has become an inevitable trend to construct a global quantum communication network [13]. In this process, the realization of underwater CV-QKD is an indispensable part, and its implementation can be used to enhance the security of information transmission in submarine-to-submarine communication [14] and underwater relay-assisted multi-node communication network [15].Inspired by the development of underwater discrete-variable quantum key distribution (DV-QKD) [16-21], researchers have made some efforts in the development of underwater CV-QKD technology [22][23][24][25][26][27]. For example, in [22,23], based on the Monte Carlo model, the feasibility of CV-QKD over atmosphere-to-water channel was confirmed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the discretely modulated underwater continuous-variable quantum key distribution with heralded hybrid linear amplifier

Xiang

¹

,

Wang

²

,

Ruan

³

et al. 2021

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The current investigation on continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is mainly based on the optical fibre or the free space atmosphere channel, while the ocean, which covers most of the Earth, has not been well utilized. In this paper, we analyze the influence of depth and wavelength on the attenuation effect of seawater on light by using a model based on the concentration of chlorophyll-a, and propose an improved four-state underwater CV-QKD protocol with a heralded hybrid linear amplifier (HLA). Both homodyne detection with a phase-sensitive amplifier and heterodyne detection with a phase-insensitive amplifier are considered. Simulation results show that the introduction of the heralded HLA can effectively extend the secure transmission distance of the key. Besides, when the transmission distance is relatively long, the secret key rate of the protocol is higher than that of the protocol without HLA.

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Multi-hop quantum key distribution with passive relays over underwater turbulence channels

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

A tutorial on Underwater Quantum Key distribution

A tutorial on Underwater Quantum Key distribution

A Primer to Underwater Quantum Key Distribution

Improving the discretely modulated underwater continuous-variable quantum key distribution with heralded hybrid linear amplifier

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