“…In general, end nodes now have to spend more time awake, listening to transmissions from other nodes and forwarding packets towards their destination. Some of the surveyed proposals consider this issue and develop strategies to minimize energy consumption (e.g., synchronized, daisy-chain-like wake/sleep cycles) [11], [12], [15]. However, others simply assume devices will be constantly awake and powered, impeding maintenance-less, long-term battery operation [17], [14], [13].…”