Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Khatakho, Rajesh; Gautam, Dipendra; Aryal, Komal; Pandey, Vishnu Prasad; Rupakhety, Rajesh; Lamichhane, Suraj; Liu, Yi‐Chung; Abdouli, Khameis Mohamed; Talchabhadel, Rocky; Thapa, Bhesh Raj; Adhikari, Rabindra

doi:10.3390/su13105369

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…This potential reduces towards the valley edge. More recent assessments have indicated that the highest potential is at locations near the rivers and in the central valley (Gautam et al 2017), and probabilistic assessments have reported similar findings (Sajan et al 2020;Khatakho et al 2021). However, this has been attributed to the older sequences and as the Valley contains a complex mix of laminated sequences it remains a challenge to evaluate the liquefaction potential in the valley.…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 75%

Liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a sensitivity study

Pokhrel

Gilder

Vardanega

et al. 2021

Bull Earthquake Eng

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An assessment of liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley considering seasonal variability of the groundwater table has been conducted. To gain deeper understanding seven historical liquefaction records located adjacent to borehole datapoints (published in SAFER/GEO-591) were used to compare two methods for the estimation of liquefaction potential. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcount data from 75 boreholes inform the new liquefaction potential maps. Various scenarios were modelled, i.e., seasonal variation of the groundwater table and peak ground acceleration. Ordinary kriging, implemented in ArcGIS, was used to prepare maps at urban scale. Liquefaction potential calculations using the methodology from (Sonmez, Environ Geol 44:862–871, 2003) provided a good match to the historical liquefaction records in the region. Seasonal variation of the groundwater table is shown to have a significant effect on the spatial distribution of calculated liquefaction potential across the valley. The less than anticipated liquefaction manifestations due to the Gorkha earthquake are possibly due to the seasonal water table level.

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Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 75%

Liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a sensitivity study

Pokhrel

Gilder

Vardanega

et al. 2021

Bull Earthquake Eng

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“…The fire risk index system, including the factors and weights, varies depending on the country/region and building type. Some studies have built risk index systems for the fire risk in IS [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], but the risk index systems are quite different for different IS cases, and the risk characteristics of IS are not summarized under the same evaluation system. In this research, we chose a fire risk index system developed by Global Safety Tanzer Technology Company.…”

Section: Risk Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network

Xie

Shu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The specific risk assessment of informal settlements (IS) is important for the management of IS and protection of environmental safety and public health. In this paper, we introduced the different types of IS in China, and conducted the fire risk assessment on 26 burning buildings in these IS, providing a semi-quantitative and scenario fire risk perception of IS in China for the readers. Two methods, the risk index and the Bayesian network, are proposed and adopted for the fire risk assessment in IS. First, a risk index system with a total of 69 factors is used to assess the degree of fire risk of buildings in IS semi-quantitatively, and the result shows that fire equipment and fire safety management on IS are seriously lacking. Then, a Bayesian network of building fire risk with a total of 66 nodes was established to assess the fire risk from ignition to spread as well as the safety evacuation. Overall, the possibility of ignition is high, but due to the role of fire equipment and fire protection design, the possibilities of fire from ignition to spread is gradually reduced. Finally, we also put forward some feasible suggestions for occupants in IS, community organizations and emergency managers to reduce the fire risk from the aspects of fire equipment and fire safety management.

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“…The geographical location of Kathmandu Valley, as shown in Fig. 1, is in central Nepal, with coordinates ranging from 85°11′34"E to 85°31′19"E longitude and 27°32′16"N to 27°48′47.75"N Latitude (Khatakho et al, 2021). The Kathmandu Valley comprises three main historical cities Kathmandu (the capital of Nepal), Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Poudyal

Nordin

Gupta

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The Kathmandu Valley, situated in a region with high seismic activity, has experienced numerous earthquakes in the past. The Gorkha earthquake in Nepal has increased the probability of significant earthquakes happening in the future along this orogenic belt, including the Valley. In this study, an effort has been made to conduct a detailed probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of the Kathmandu Valley by considering earthquakes between 1900 and 2023. A complete catalog of the quake was compiled, encompassing entire seismic events within a 300 Kilometers range. The earthquake catalog was employed to homogenize the magnitude into moment magnitude (Mw) scale using global relationships, and Gardner and Knopoff's algorithm for declustering was used to filter dependent events. Catalog completeness was evaluated using Stepp's technique, and recurrence parameters were calculated using Gutenberg-Richter's law, which is necessary for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This study uses a seismic hazard analysis tool R-CRISIS. Global attenuation models within a logic tree were employed to evaluate interface events in Nepal. The findings were presented through maps depicting an Arias intensity, peak ground acceleration, and peak ground velocity for 50-year periods with 2% and 10% risk of exceedance. This study of ground motion will assist in future seismological analysis before developing future infrastructures.

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Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Cited by 24 publications

References 64 publications

Liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a sensitivity study

Liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a sensitivity study

Fire Risk Assessments of Informal Settlements Based on Fire Risk Index and Bayesian Network

Detailed Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

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