Multi-functionalization Strategies Using Nanomaterials: A Review and Case Study in Sensing Applications

Abstract

Remarkable advances in nanomaterials and nanotechnology have led researchers in various fields. The scale effects imparted by nanomaterials are associated with unexpected macroscale phenomena and properties that find many applications. However, multi-functionalization may be accompanied by physical and commercial limitations. Therefore, research must proceed in several different directions. Here, we define multi-functionalization and the electrical applications thereof in terms of increasing performance, addition of new and valuable properties, and multi-physics in play. We deal with sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and solar cells and explore research that seeks to increase sensitivity, append “stretchability”, and facilitate untethered communication. Furthermore, we analyze research trends in materials use and manufacturing, and highlight useful fabrication methods. With the aim of predicting future research trends, our review presents a roadmap that will aid research on sensing and multi-functional applications.

Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Targeting the Critical Crosstalk through Nanocarrier Systems

“…However, this model must also contemplate how the functionalization of the second ligand will be affected by the conformation of its pre-functionalized companion—including an inspection of potential channels to inactivate or detach the same. While multifunctionalized NCs do show a great deal of promise in theory, effective optimization of ligand density, its effect on protein adsorption, as well as covalent attachment of the therapeutic agents to the functionalized NP for endocytosis and binding selectivity is still underdeveloped, forming an impediment in such NPs' widespread use [ 282 , 283 ]. Moreover, they also mandate a real-time tracking system to ensure accurate drug disposal, which only further encumbers their realization.…”

Multiresponsive 3D Structured PVDF Cube Switches for Security Systems Using Piezoelectric Anisotropy

“…Unlike conventional rigid sensors, sensor technology with a distinctive multifunctional characteristicflexibilityhas garnered significant attention over the past few decades. − Following the aforementioned trend in the sensor and electronic fields, researchers and scientists have been discovering smart materials that meet the demands of the industry and our daily lives . Among the various smart materials, piezoelectric materials have attracted significant attention because of their advantages in next-generation electronics. ,, Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa; owing to their distinct ability, piezoelectric materials have been used in a variety of applications such as pressure sensors, , strain sensors, − actuators, , energy harvesters, − among other applications .…”

“…Unlike conventional rigid sensors, sensor technology with a distinctive multifunctional characteristicflexibilityhas garnered significant attention over the past few decades. − Following the aforementioned trend in the sensor and electronic fields, researchers and scientists have been discovering smart materials that meet the demands of the industry and our daily lives . Among the various smart materials, piezoelectric materials have attracted significant attention because of their advantages in next-generation electronics. ,, Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa; owing to their distinct ability, piezoelectric materials have been used in a variety of applications such as pressure sensors, , strain sensors, − actuators, , energy harvesters, − among other applications . Piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), and piezoelectric polymer poly­(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have been widely used in previous reports. − In flexible electronics, the utmost importance lies in the robustness required to endure geometrical deflection, as the utilization of brittle and rigid materials may cause mechanical failure during the course of operation .…”

“…Among the various smart materials, piezoelectric materials have attracted significant attention because of their advantages in next-generation electronics. ,, Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa; owing to their distinct ability, piezoelectric materials have been used in a variety of applications such as pressure sensors, , strain sensors, − actuators, , energy harvesters, − among other applications . Piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), and piezoelectric polymer poly­(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have been widely used in previous reports. − In flexible electronics, the utmost importance lies in the robustness required to endure geometrical deflection, as the utilization of brittle and rigid materials may cause mechanical failure during the course of operation . This trend has led PVDF to become an attractive candidate for flexible electronics and sensors, owing to its characteristics of high durability, chemical stability, and flexibility when compared with ceramic-based piezoelectric materials. − …”

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“…In recent years, synthetic cilia that can generate responsive shape morphing and actuation under external stimuli, such as magnetic or electric field, − pH, light, humidity, and temperature, have been explored with a potential range of applications including actuators, , sensors, − fluid control, , functional surfaces, − and soft robots. , In particular, magnetic cilia are being extensively developed because of their wireless controllability, immediate field responsiveness, and facile tunability of field direction and strength.…”