Multi-faced roles of reactive oxygen species in anti-tumor T cell immune responses and combination immunotherapy

Abstract

T cells play a central role in anti-tumor immunity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) lie at the crossroad on the anti-tumor T cell responses. To activate efficient T cell immunity, a moderate level of ROS is needed, however, excessive ROS would cause toxicity to the T cells, because the improper level leads to the formation and maintenance of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Up to date, strategies that modulate ROS, either increasing or decreasing, have been widely investigated. Some of them are utilized in anti-tumor therapies, showing inevitable impacts on the anti-tumor T cell immunity with both obverse and reverse sides. Herein, the impacts of ROS-increasing and ROS-decreasing treatments on the T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment are reviewed and discussed. At the same time, outcomes of combination immunotherapies are introduced to put forward inspirations to unleash the potential of immunotherapies.

Polyphenolic Boronates Inhibit Tumor Cell Proliferation: Potential Mitigators of Oxidants in the Tumor Microenvironment

“…Crude materials were purified by flash chromatography on Merck silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm). 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded with spectrometers at 400.13 MHz and 75.54 MHz, respectively. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded at 400.13 MHz using a Bruker DPX AVANCE 400 spectrometer equipped with a quattro nucleus probe.…”

“…1 H NMR spectra were recorded at 400.13 MHz using a Bruker DPX AVANCE 400 spectrometer equipped with a quattro nucleus probe. 1 H NMR and 31 P NMR were taken in deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) using CDCl3 and tetramethylsilane as internal references, respectively. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm and J values in hertz.…”

“…There is increasing interest in understanding the role of oxidant formation and nitrosative stress in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Mitigating nitrosative stress has been reported to activate cytotoxic T cells involved in killing tumor cells [40].…”

Captivating Colors, Crucial Roles: Astaxanthin’s Antioxidant Impact on Fish Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Performance

“…One of the most pivotal domains influenced is the immune system [34]. ROS, while critical in mounting immune responses against pathogens [45], can paradoxically inhibit immune functioning when their levels surge uncontrollably, rendering fish more susceptible to infections [34,46]. The impact of oxidative stress further resonates in fish reproduction, exerting influence over sperm quality and egg viability, potentially undermining reproductive success [20,47].…”