Multi-Environmental Evaluation for Grain Yield and Its Components of Quinoa Genotypes Across the North Western Coast of Egypt

Abstract

multi environmental trial involving five quinoa genotypes i.e., KVL-SRA2, KVL-SRA3, Regalona, Q-37 and Q-52 was conducted along the North Western Coast of Egypt. The eight tested environments included two sites in the first season of 2014/2015 i.e. irrigated Matrouh and rainfed Matrouh, while in the second season of 2015/2016 there were six sites including three rainfed sites of Ras El Hekma, El Neguilla and Matrouh as well as an irrigated site in Matrouh with three planting dates i.e., 1 Nov.,15 Nov., and 1 Dec. Grain yield was significantly influenced by both genotypes and environments; Regalona genotype produced the highest grain yield in most of the studied environments (6 out of 8 environments) with the highest grain yield of 3.08 t/ha in irrigated Matrouh site in the first season. Moreover, it showed more drought tolerance as compared to the other genotypes. The environment effect was the major source of variation as compared to the genotype and genotype × environment interaction effects, and attributed to 88.5% of the total variation in the grain yield. Two-mode pattern analysis of the environment-standardised matrix of grain yield revealed three genotypic groups of different response pattern across environments. In general, the grain yields of the genotypes were lower under rainfed conditions as compared to irrigated conditions, except for Matrouh in the second season for the late irrigated planting dates i.e., 15 Nov. and 1Dec. The high tolerance of quinoa to drought makes it an excellent choice for the diversification of future agriculture in the North Western Coast of Egypt and other regions with similar harsh conditions.

Growth, Yield, Quality, and Phytochemical Behavior of Three Cultivars of Quinoa in Response to Moringa and Azolla Extracts under Organic Farming Conditions

“…The enhancement in phenolic compounds in quinoa seeds following MLE treatment observed in the current report is parallel with that obtained in fennel plants subjected to MLE addition [20]. El-Sadek [93] investigated the yield and yield components of five quinoa genotypes in eight different environments and found that the environmental impact was the main source of variance and attributed to 88.5% of the total variance in grain yield. Additionally, genotypes and the environment × genotype interaction accounted for only 5.46 and 6.06%, respectively of the total variance; consequently, he reported that in the field experiments, which include a wide range of environments (locations and seasons), random variation appears between those environments, and this is evident in breeding programs or assessment of crop varieties.…”

Yield, growth development and grain characteristics of seven Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes grown in open-field production systems under hot-arid climatic conditions

“…In this experiment quinoa was cultivated under irrigation. The crop is also established in some countries of the MENA region 42 , 55 , 61 , 82 . In fact, the stability of most parameters from one year to another facilitates the program of breeding for identifying a suitable genotype to grow in this region.…”

“…The relatively low yield obtained in our case can also be related to the low temperatures at the time of flowering. Despite, the adaptation of quinoa outside the Andes, a low temperature during flowering stage can significantly reduce grain yield 47 , 48 , 61 . In fact, low temperatures measured in the month of January and February has probably affected quinoa development which might be a reason for not yielding high scores.…”

“…In addition to having a very high nutritional value, quinoa has a huge genetic variability and flexibility, high tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and ability to adapt to adverse soil and climatic conditions in places where most agriculture is marginal 12 – 14 . Its ability to grow in a wide range of climates and soils, showing a good potential as a grain crop even in new areas outside of its native region, such as cold and subtropical regions in Europe and Asia 15 , 88 , 89 and also the Middle east and North Africa (MENA) 42 , 55 , 61 , 82 . Quinoa tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses such as frost, salinity and drought highlight its effectiveness in the fight against desertification 3 , 6 , 10 , 16 – 19 .…”

Phenotypic Characterization and Yield Screening of Quinoa Germplasms in Diverse Low-Altitude Regions: A Preliminary Study

“…Notably, genotype JQ-02068 achieved the highest yield of 5132 kg ha −1 (Figure 1; Table 5). The difference in yield is because of the genotypic differences [44], environmental factors, and agricultural practices [42,45]. El-Sadek [45] identified that the environment could be the primary source of quinoa yield variations, accounting for 88.5% of the total variation.…”