Multi-Drug and β-Lactam Resistance in Escherichia coli and Food-Borne Pathogens from Animals and Food in Portugal, 2014–2019

Abstract

Animal and food sources are seen as a potential transmission pathway of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to humans. The aim of this study is to describe Campylobacter, Salmonella, and commensal Escherichia coli multi-drug resistance (MDR) in the food chain between 2014 and 2019 in Portugal. AMR surveillance data from food-producing animals and food were assessed. MDR relative frequencies were estimated by bacterial genus and year. AMR profiles were created using observations of resistance to antimicrobial classes from each isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were clustered using k-modes. Clusters were described by population, AMR classification, β-lactamases, sample stage, sample type, season, and year. Overall, MDR was more prevalent for E. coli, ranging from 74–90% in animal and 94–100% in food samples. MDR was found to be more widespread in resistance profiles that were common among E. coli and Salmonella isolates and in those exclusively observed for E. coli, frequently including (fluoro)quinolones and cephalosporins resistance. β-lactam resistance was observed around 75% to 3rd/4th-generation cephalosporins in E. coli. Clusters suggest an escalating MDR behaviour from farm to post-farm stages in all bacteria and that Salmonella (fluoro)quinolones resistance may be associated with broilers. These findings support policy and decision making to tackle MDR in farm and post-farm stages.

Biocide Susceptibility and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Feces, Pork Meat and Humans in Germany

“…Overall, 64% of the tested isolates (57% from healthcare settings and 43% from swine) were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials and were thereby classified as MDR. MDR E. coli have been widely reported in livestock [15,38,39], food [40] and nosocomial infections [41][42][43][44][45]. As expected, the highest resistance rates to most of the substances, including AMP, SME, TRI, CIP, NAL and AZI, were found in isolates from hospital patients.…”

Prevalence of extended-spectrum �-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli associated with outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis in Tehran

“…Hence, studying the distribution of ESBL isolates in various environments can help health authorities to take control measures [17]. It has been indicated that multiple drug resistance had been more frequent in E. coli when compared to Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates [18]. It has been shown that the ESBL-producing E. coli is nowadays eight times more prevalent when compared to the last two decades with a prevalence of around 2.6% in 2003 that reached 21.1.% in 2018 [19].…”

In-Depth Study of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: Towards Understanding the Antibacterial Target Mechanism and Toxicological and Pharmacological Aspects

“…In recent years, antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria have been admitted as a public health risk that could cause an increase in the global burden of infectious disease [1][2][3][4]. For instance, each year, more than 670,000 infections and 700,000 deaths worldwide were provoked by AMR [5,6]. Mutually controlled by host immune condition, microflora organization, and antimicrobial interventions, AMR evolu-tion occurs with the multidrug resistance [7,8].…”