Multi-Dimensional Separations of Polymers

Schoenmakers, Peter J.; Aarnoutse, Petra

doi:10.1021/ac301162b

Cited by 59 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…On the contrary, the oxidation reaction was relatively stronger at the flow rate of 50 μL/min. This observation does not agree with the "shear degradation" theory by which shear rate is positively proportional to flow rate . Therefore, "shear degradation" is not a plausible explanation for the on‐column oxidation reaction observed in this work.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 91%

“…This observation does not agree with the "shear degradation" theory by which shear rate is positively proportional to flow rate. [24,34,35] Therefore, "shear degradation" is not a plausible explanation for the on-column oxidation reaction observed in this work. In addition, according to the information provided by the manufacturer of the tested UPLC columns, the pore sizes and materials of the inlet and outlet frits are identical, which means that the shear forces generated on both the inlet frits and the outlet frits should be equivalent.…”

Section: Tentative Mechanistic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Observation and confirmation of oxidation reactions occurring on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography columns

Tang

Tan

Jin

et al. 2015

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 91%

Section: Tentative Mechanistic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Observation and confirmation of oxidation reactions occurring on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography columns

Tang

Tan

Jin

et al. 2015

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

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show abstract

“…Where applicable, we refer the reader to useful applications and reviews which offer a great deal additional information [63]. Applications in life sciences [64,65], food [66][67][68][69], polymers [70][71][72], and traditional Chinese medicine [73] are covered by recent reviews.…”

Section: Combining Selectivitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography

Pirok

Gargano

Schoenmakers

2017

J of Separation Science

200

139

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Online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high‐molecular‐weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one‐dimensional liquid chromatography, two‐dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography separations.

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“…. A number of 2D‐LC applications on polymer analysis have been reported in recent years covering a broad range of polymer types and compositions using different combinations of separation mechanisms in the first and second dimensions . Pirok et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with active solvent modulation for studying monomer incorporation in copolymer dispersants

Yang

Gao

Zhang

et al. 2019

J of Separation Science

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A pseudo‐comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography approach with size exclusion chromatography in the first dimension and gradient reversed‐phase liquid chromatography in the second dimension was successfully developed for the characterization of vinyl acetate/acrylic acid copolymers and vinyl acetate/itaconic acid/acrylic acid terpolymers. Active solvent modulation was exploited to prevent the polymer breakthrough in the second dimension separation caused by the strong solvent used in the first dimension. The conditions of the active solvent modulation valve were optimized to achieve sufficient on‐line dilution and to completely prevent polymer breakthrough without adding excessive time to the modulation cycle. Using this approach, copolymers made with different monomer ratios and processes were studied. Heterogeneous composition distribution due to insufficient monomer incorporation was detected in some of the copolymer samples. We demonstrated that with active solvent modulation, the two‐dimensional liquid chromatography approach is no longer limited to water‐soluble polymers and can be used for a broader range of polymers and copolymers.

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Multi-Dimensional Separations of Polymers

Abstract: Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.

Cited by 59 publications

References 49 publications

Observation and confirmation of oxidation reactions occurring on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography columns

Observation and confirmation of oxidation reactions occurring on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography columns

Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography

Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with active solvent modulation for studying monomer incorporation in copolymer dispersants

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