Multi-decade patterns of gypsy moth fluctuations in the Carpathian Mountains and options for outbreak forecasting

Weather-dependent fluctuations in the abundance of the oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea processionea (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)

“…Climate change therefore may for example cause range expansion (Vanhanen et al, 2007;Battisti, 2008;Jepsen et al, 2008;Battisti & Larsson, 2015;Battisti et al, 2017), either decrease or increase the number of generations in multivoltine species (Ayres & Lombardero, 2000;Jöns-son et al, 2009) and alter their interactions with their host plants (Pelini et al, 2009;Robinet & Roques, 2010) and natural enemies (Jeffs & Lewis, 2013;Kalinkat & Rall, 2015). The summation of these different effects can have a signifi cant effect on population fl uctuations, outbreaks and damage by forest insects (Mattson & Haack, 1987;Leskó et al, 1995Leskó et al, , 1998Csóka, 1997;Rouault et al, 2006;Dobbertin et al, 2007;Jactel et al, 2012;Klapwijk et al, 2013;Hlásny et al, 2015). the population fl uctuations, as already suggested in several earlier papers (Klapwijk et al, 2013;Wagenhoff & Veit, 2011;Wagenhoff et al, 2013Wagenhoff et al, , 2014.…”

Projections of future climate for Europe, Uruguay and China with implications on forestry

“…It is moreover an introduced species in North America where it has caused extensive damage in oak forests (Elkinton and Liebhold, 1990;Weseloh, 2003;McManus and Csóka, 2007). In Eurasia, outbreaks of the gypsy moth occur approximately once in every ten years (McManus and Csóka, 2007;Hlásny et al, 2016). In Finland, before the 2010s the gypsy moth had occurred only as an extremely rare migrant but during the recent years, a few populations might have already appeared at the southern coast.…”

Influence of Bacillus thuringiensis application timing on population dynamics of gypsy moth in Mediterranean cork oak forests

“…retrogradation) returning to a latency period. The interval between two consecutive latency phases, known as gradation, is extremely variable, depending mainly on the forest type and management strategy, and its periodicity tends to oscillate from 5 to 10 years …”

“…Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is one of the main forest defoliators worldwide and is able to defoliate thousands of hectares in the same year during its outbreaks. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Although the gypsy moth feeds on > 300 host species, 7 it is strongly associated with Quercus spp., such as cork oak (Q. suber L.), downy oak (Q. pubescens Willd.) and holm oak (Q. ilex L.) in the Mediterranean region, 3,5,8 and white oak (Q. alba L.) and northern red oak (Q. rubra L.) in North America.…”

“…retrogradation) returning to a latency period. The interval between two consecutive latency phases, known as gradation, 8,21 is extremely variable, depending mainly on the forest type and management strategy, 4,6,8 and its periodicity tends to oscillate from 5 to 10 years. 2,4,22 This pattern of population fluctuation is common in many forest insect pests [23][24][25][26] and can be potentially affected by several factors, 27 including the natural enemy complex, 1,23,28,29 the quality of leaves 30,31 as well as the dispersal ability of the species.…”