Wind energy offers significant potential for greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Most applications have been developed onshore but the planning and siting conflicts with other land uses have created considerable interest and motivated research to offshore wind energy establishments. In this paper, a systematic methodology in order to investigate the most efficient areas of offshore wind farms' siting in Greece is performed, integrating multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. In the first level of analysis, all coastal areas that don't fulfill a certain set of criteria (wind velocity, protected areas, water depth) are identified with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and excluded from further analysis. The Analytical Hierarchy Process is performed in the evaluation phase and pairwise comparisons provide the most appropriate sites to locate offshore wind farms. Information concerning evaluation criteria (average wind velocity, distance to protected areas, distance to ship routes, distance to the shore and distance of possible connection to the existing electricity network) is retrieved through GIS, eliminating the subjectivity in judgments. The whole methodology contributes to the portrait of the geographic analysis and stands as the last image of the space characteristics suitable for offshore wind farms.
KEYWORDS:Analytical Hierarchy Process, Geographical Information Systems, offshore establishments, pairwise comparisons, renewable energy resources.
INTRODUCTIONAdoption of renewable energy technologies and promotion of green energy have internationally been recognized as a way towards independency from fuel oils. Green energy is provided by the natural environment and one of the most widely exploited and rapidly evolved types of renewable energy is the wind energy. Onshore wind energy technology is more mature than offshore, but nowadays, there is a considerable trend to the establishment of offshore wind farms. Although offshore wind farms present higher investment, operational and maintenance cost, the significant offshore wind resource potential, the higher quality wind resources located at sea, the ability to use even larger wind turbines due to avoidance of certain land and the ability of construction of even larger power plants than onshore, as there is no geographical "limit", form the primary motivations of developing offshore wind energy.