“…With the aim of analysing large archaeological collections, also including museum collections, and in order to have both a statistical view and identify potential outliers by increasing the number of studied artefacts, the use of portable instruments becomes indispensable. In this sense, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) presents itself as a portable and fast solution for in situ analysis, having been miniaturised in portable modules available commercially, and widely used for geochemical classification (Ammari et al, 2016;El-Saeid et al, 2019;Fabre et al, 2022;Gottfried et al, 2009;Harmon et al, 2009Harmon et al, , 2018Harmon & Senesi, 2021;Kim et al, 2022;Rai et al, 2017;Rakovský et al, 2012;Syvilay et al, 2019), including in complex conditions without sample preparation and chemical treatment such as on the Mars rovers Curiosity and Perseverance (Anderson et al, 2022;Clave et al, 2022;Maurice et al, 2016;Sirven et al, 2007).…”