“…In recent years, with the rapid development of photogrammetric technology, inclined photogrammetry has become one of the important means to obtain three-dimensional information on the ground surface [1,2]. Point cloud data generated by inclined photogrammetry is widely used in the fields of smart city [3], deformation monitoring [4], and natural resources investigation [5], etc., with the characteristics of rich information and high accuracy. As one of the main feature targets for point cloud identification, the accurate elevation information of the marking target is of great significance for surface change monitoring, engineering surveying [6].…”