“…The error rate is calculated as the percentage of misses (when a periodic frame is detected as aperiodic), false alarms (when an aperiodic frame is detected as periodic), and deviations (when the difference between the detected F 0 and the true F 0 is larger than 20% of the true F 0 ). This calculation method is the same as that in [21]. Panels (a), (b), and (c) show the results in car, train, and babble noise, respectively.…”