Multi-approach synergic investigation between land surface temperature and land-use land-cover

Changes in Urban Heat Island Effect with the Development of Newtowns

“…In the case of existing studies, the LULC change was simply predicted using the same model, but there was a limitation in not examining the urban climate change or other possible effects 24,[45][46][47] . Sha et al 22 and Traiq&Shu 57 tried to examine the LST change according to the LULC change. However, it did not predict the change of the LST distribution according to the predicted future LULC, and as in previous studies, indirect prediction was performed by simply constructing a regression equation using the spectral index.…”

“…The normalised difference built-up index (NDBI) was used as the index that highly correlated with LST 56 . NDBI is the most widely accepted tool for the identification of built-up areas and has shown a high surface temperature correlation in previous studies 13,22,57 . The NDBI value was calculated using equation ( 11):…”

“…The MLC-based supervised classification approach was comprehensively used and considered as an established technique in many previous studies for urban LULC classification, where the spatial heterogeneity of pixels is similarly high [22][23][24] . The MLC algorithm is based on probability density distribution functions (likelihood), includes all training inputs for each land cover class, and has been proven to be an accurate and robust algorithm because it does not overestimate the class values during the computational process [23][24][25] .…”

“…High-resolution Google Earth data and aerial photographs provided by the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) of South Korea were used to establish ground-truth regions for the evaluation of classification accuracy (http://map.ngii.go.kr/). Highresolution data from Google Earth have been used as reference in many classification studies and national standardised land cover maps; NGII provides high-resolution aerial photographs captured since 1945, and can also be used for accuracy assessment 22,24,28 . The kappa coefficient was calculated using equation ( 1):…”

Plural Values of Land: An Empirical Investigation

“…11. Since Singur and Salbani are located near to urban areas, a look at the change in land use surrounding Calcutta can be useful. For specific analysis please see Saha et al (2020).…”