Multi-analyte LC-MS/MS quantification of 38 antipsychotics and metabolites in plasma: Method validation &amp; application to routine analyses

Degreef, Maarten; Berry, Eleanor M.; Maudens, Kristof E.; Nuijs, Alexander L.N. van

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122867

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Given the chemical and physical properties of olanzapine, such as hydrophobicity (octanol–water partition coefficient, logP > 4) and limited volatility (high boiling point 476 °C), it is a good candidate for reverse-phase separation. This system consists of a non-polar stationary phase, which is most often silica chemically bound by covalent bonds with C 8 alkyl groups [ 38 , 39 , 41 , 46 , 48 , 63 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ] or C 18 [ 14 , 19 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 70 , 71 ,…”

Section: Separation Methods and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it fails when analyzing mixtures containing many chemical compounds with little variation in polarity or molecular weight, as in the case of methods involving many other antipsychotics and their metabolites in addition to olanzapine. Therefore, to separate complex mixtures, gradient elution is used, consisting of a continuous or abrupt change in the composition of the mobile phase during the analysis [ 14 , 19 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 33 , 38 , 41 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 58 , 59 , 64 , 71 , 72 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 92 , 95 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ].…”

Section: Separation Methods and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the pKa value of olanzapine is greater than 7, so the non-ionized form of the compound occurs at pH > 7. Teams using liquid–liquid extraction during research, after adding an internal standard to the test sample, alkalized it with sodium hydroxide [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ], ammonium formate [ 39 , 40 ], carbonate buffer [ 41 , 42 ], sodium carbonate [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ], disodium phosphate [ 48 ], and TRIS buffer [ 49 , 50 ]. Then, the selection of the appropriate solvent is a key step in optimizing the liquid–liquid extraction; important aspects in the selection of solvents for the extraction procedure are the polarity of the analytes and their ability to bind to proteins.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To extract the analyte quantitatively, the solvent chosen should not only dissolve olanzapine completely but also be able to break the association with proteins. In the methodology of preparing samples containing olanzapine, the following were used: ethyl acetate [ 32 , 47 ], diethyl ether [ 43 ], isopropyl ether [ 48 ], and tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE) [ 19 , 33 , 40 , 41 , 49 , 51 , 52 ]. Mixtures of organic solvents were also used, the extraction properties of which may be better than for each solvent alone: hexane/MTBE [ 39 ], hexane/dichloromethane [ 44 ], hexane/isoamyl alcohol [ 37 ], heptane/isoamyl alcohol [ 36 , 42 ], diethyl ether/diisopropyl ether [ 53 ], diethyl ether/dichloromethane [ 34 , 54 ], butyl acetate/butanol [ 50 ], butanol/cyclohexane [ 45 ], and dichloromethane/cyclohexane [ 46 ].…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Advances in Bioanalytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Olanzapine and Its Metabolites in Complex Biological Matrices

Czyż,

Zakrzewska-Sito,

Kuczyńska

2024

Pharmaceuticals

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Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that significantly affects the social and professional life of patients, causing distortion of reality and loss of identity and cognitive abilities. Psychopharmacological treatment is an integral part of modern psychiatry, and the introduction of new “atypical” antipsychotic drugs has brought significant progress in the treatment of this disorder. One of these drugs is olanzapine, which has an effective effect on the productive symptoms of schizophrenia while having an almost minimal potential to cause extrapyramidal syndrome. However, its effectiveness is confronted with frequent side effects, referred to as “metabolic disorders”. Therefore, to ensure the effectiveness of treatment and to minimize the side effects caused by olanzapine, it is recommended to monitor the drug level during therapy. This article reviews the bioanalytical methodologies that enable efficient extraction and sensitive analysis of olanzapine. We considered the advantages and disadvantages of different sample pretreatment methods, including traditional and novel strategies. The analytical conditions required for the separation and detection of olanzapine and its metabolites were analyzed using chromatographic methods combined with various detectors.

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Section: Separation Methods and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Separation Methods and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review of Advances in Bioanalytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Olanzapine and Its Metabolites in Complex Biological Matrices

Czyż,

Zakrzewska-Sito,

Kuczyńska

2024

Pharmaceuticals

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show abstract

“…Additionally, linear quadrupoles were the first to be commercialized; they are relatively affordable compared to other instrumentation, easily connected with various ion sources, and offer high transmission in single ion monitoring (SIM) mode and scan speeds. For those reasons, triple quadrupole mass analyzers are the gold standards for routine MS analytical laboratories and monitoring specific analytes with defined m/z values and fragmentation patterns (179)(180)(181)(182)(183)(184).…”

Section: Low Resolution -Triple Quadrupole Mass Analyzermentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated biorecognition : mass spectrometry approaches

Geballa-Koukoula

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12 stakeholders to act on improving natural resources and ensure enduring socioeconomic growth and planet protection (9).Another trend that might shape the future structure of monitoring systems is citizen science, i.e., collaboration and participation of citizens in scientific practices and research, for instance with the development of consumer-operable testing devices (10). Decentralized consumer-based testing provides individuals with the possibility of personalized point-of-care (POC) testing and screening diagnostics in many fields (11), including, but not limited to, food safety (12) and clinical applications (13, 14). On top of that, use of a ubiquitous readout system, such as smartphones, potentially in combination with wearable sensors, induces semi-quantitative possibilities and increases confidence in interpreting the result (15). Apart from the described citizen science approach during product deployment, crowdsourcing in science during the research and development (R&D) stage can improve practices and results, influencing directly the targeted population ( 10).An additional challenge for the future monitoring systems is climate changeinduced changes. Results of climate change vary from extreme drought to rise of sea levels, which amend the quality of life of individuals worldwide (16). Especially in terms of monitoring systems, the food safety sector, involving farming, crop production, and the nutritional content of crops, has already been impacted by long-term variations in temperature, humidity, and the frequency of extreme weather phenomena (17). Climate change may alter crops' susceptibility to germs, toxin-producing bacteria and mycotoxin-producing fungi, risking consumers' health. Even marine species are in danger because of the proliferation of toxin-producing algae because of increased temperatures (18). The results of climate change on crop production are already evident in literature where a 25% of global agricultural crop contamination with mycotoxin is estimated to be above the legal limits (19), underlining the need for fast, unambiguous identification and quantification of food contaminants.It is safe to assume that current monitoring protocols will be insufficient in the future because of the increased demand for official control from monitoring laboratories that will be caused due to the aforementioned changes. Already, despite its elaborate monitoring procedures, the food-safety system has been stressed, with incidences of food safety-related scandals and contaminated commodities reaching the market (20, 21). Combining screening and confirmation methods, two seemingly incompatible orthogonal techniques, provides improved and accurate methods with high throughput, sensitivity, robustness, and ease of use, which are necessary for future monitoring systems. To offer an elaborate background and understanding, the following parts of the introduction describe the classic analytical chemistry techniques that are coupled in order to develop the novel approaches discussed in the research c...

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Development of a simultaneous LC–MS/MS analytical method for plasma: 16 antipsychotics approved in Japan and 4 drug metabolites

Maekawa,

Yokota,

Sato

et al. 2024

ANAL. SCI.

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The increased risk of adverse drug reactions due to the concomitant use of antipsychotics is problematic in the treatment of schizophrenia. Therefore, the simultaneous analysis of their plasma concentrations is required. In this study, we developed a simultaneous liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for analyzing plasma antipsychotics approved in Japan for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) applications. First, we counted the prescriptions for 16 antipsychotics and concomitant drugs used at the Tohoku University Hospital. LC–MS/MS was used for the simultaneous analysis of 16 antipsychotics and four drug metabolites. This analysis was conducted using a combination of selected reaction monitoring mode and reversed-phase chromatography. Following the examination of the MS/MS and LC conditions, an analytical method validation test was conducted. The developed method was used to analyze plasma antipsychotic levels in patients with schizophrenia. One-third of the patients received treatment with multiple antipsychotics. Under LC–MS/MS conditions, LC separation was performed using a combination of a C18 column and ammonium formate-based mobile phases with a gradient flow. The calibration curves were optimized by adjusting the ion abundance, and 11 compounds met the criteria for intra- and inter-day reproducibility tests. Some stability test results did not meet these criteria; therefore, further investigation is required. The developed method permitted the measurement of all the plasma parameters, including concentrations above the therapeutic range. Therefore, this method may be useful in the daily TDM practice of antipsychotics. Graphical abstract

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Multi-analyte LC-MS/MS quantification of 38 antipsychotics and metabolites in plasma: Method validation & application to routine analyses

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

A Review of Advances in Bioanalytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Olanzapine and Its Metabolites in Complex Biological Matrices

A Review of Advances in Bioanalytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of Olanzapine and Its Metabolites in Complex Biological Matrices

Integrated biorecognition : mass spectrometry approaches

Development of a simultaneous LC–MS/MS analytical method for plasma: 16 antipsychotics approved in Japan and 4 drug metabolites

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