Multi-Agent Framework for Service Restoration in Distribution Systems With Distributed Generators and Static/Mobile Energy Storage Systems

Abstract

This paper presents a multi-agent system (MAS)-based approach for service restoration in a distribution system with distributed generators (DGs), static energy storage systems (SESSs), and mobile energy storage systems (MESSs). In comparison with existing MAS-based service restoration approaches in a two-layer cyber-physical architecture, excluding the dispatch of MESSs, we propose a three-layer framework that consists of cyber, physical, and transportation layers corresponding to the communication scheme for the MAS, electric distribution system, and transportation network for MESSs, respectively. In the proposed MAS framework, agents communicate and cooperate with each other for service restoration without violating system operation constraints by conducting the following actions: i) Kruskal-algorithmbased island reconfiguration (switch agent), ii) generation of switching sequence and dispatches of DGs and SESSs (DG and static battery agents) under monitored loading condition (load agent), and iii) dispatch of MESSs based on optimal road routing using the Dijkstra algorithm (mobile battery agent). Case studies were carried out in an IEEE 33-bus distribution system, and the results validated the performance of the proposed approach in terms of number of restored loads and restoration time steps, voltage level, and state of charge of the SESSs and MESSs with different numbers of fault lines and SESSs/MESS, and different extents of damaged roads.

Intelligent RMPS Allocation for Microgrids Support During Scheduled Islanded Operation

“…The scalability of RMPS and MG scheduled islanding has been demonstrated in [16]- [32], for a wide range of power systems aspects, including reliability and resilience improvement [20], [23]- [26], [28]- [30], as well as operational performance enhancement [16]- [19], [21]- [22], [32].…”

“…Mobily power stations (MPSs) provide movable generating units that can be commissioned to support several power systems requirements [16]- [32]. An integrated battery-based energy storage transportation (BEST) provides benefits to the transmission congestion and operation costs [16], while it can aid in managing the large-scale integration of wind generation, reducing the curtailment of this resource and the system operation cost [17].…”

“…Also, MPS applications for isolated system regions with difficult access are proposed in [31] for improving the operational performance of remote military structures. Further, MESSs are used for service restoration due to extreme weather events and cyber-attacks [32].…”

Distributed Battery Energy Storage Co-Operation for Renewable Energy Sources Integration

“…Wind power intermittency may affect the frequency stability at high penetration; the authors of [10] proposed an MAS for BESSs to solve this problem while maximizing the BESS profit. MAS has been proposed for microgrid restoration in [11] using mobile energy storage and distributed generators. Power restoration has also been proposed in [12] using a consensus algorithm to maximize system reliability and define the optimal power restoration plan.…”

“…The profit is expressed by uncertain value within an interval or range. The profit range depends on the market price range, with a minimum, maximum, and expected profit values as in (11) and (12). In this mode, the RES-agent sells its energy directly to the grid agent and is treated as a price taker.…”