Mulberry vinegar attenuates lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma‐induced inflammatory responses in C6 glial cells

Abstract

The present study evaluated the effect of mulberry vinegar (MV) on the regulation of the inflammatory responses using C6 glial cells. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) induced the nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species generation, while pre‐incubation with MV inhibited these formations in a concentration‐dependent manner. MV treatment also decreased the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in C6 glial cells stimulated by LPS/IFN‐γ. Compared to the LPS/IFN‐γ‐treated control group, the MV‐treated group exerts downregulation in the protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2, through inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB activation. Protein expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 were also decreased in the MV‐treated group. These findings suggest that MV prevents neuroinflammation by regulating the NF‐κB signaling pathway and glial activation. Practical application Mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.) have been commonly consumed as juice or jam. It is a rich source of anthocyanins that might be associated with beneficial effects on human health, including the anti‐oxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐obesity, and anti‐diabetic effects. Mulberry vinegar was produced by alcohol and acetic fermentation of mulberry juice, and they possessed a protective effect against LPS/IFN‐γ‐stimulated inflammatory responses in glial cells via regulation of glial activation and NF‐κB signaling pathway (i.e., downregulation of iNOS, COX‐2, TLR4, p‐IκB, and NF‐κB p65 protein expressions). Although further research especially animal and clinical trials are still necessary, the present study will be helpful to scale‐up the production of functional vinegar with neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties using mulberry.

Role of microencapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum in alleviating intestinal inflammatory damage through promoting epithelial proliferation and differentiation in layer chicks

“…The integrity of intestinal epithelial tissue can be reflected by tight junction proteins. In addition, compared with the control, LPS simultaneously increased proinflammatory factor expressions in the serum and ileum mucosa tissues, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and INF-γ (using Ducan's multiple-range test), which was consistent with the previous reports (Chan et al, 2017;Bang et al, 2022;Liu et al, 2022). Compared with the intestinal inflammation induced by LPS, microencapsulated L. plantarum significantly enhanced villus height, villus height/crypt depth, and tight junction protein expressions (ZO-2, ZO-3, and occludin) of layer chicks, accompanied by the increase in anti-inflammatory factors , and decreased proinflammatory factor (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) expressions in the serum and ileum mucosa tissues.…”

Bioconversion of Agricultural and Food Wastes to Vinegar

“…Mulberry vinegar -prevents neuroinflammation by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and glial activation in C6 glial cells [151]…”

Preparation of Rose Vinegar Rich in Gamma-Linolenic Acid and Analysis of its Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity

“…Finally, ethanol is oxidized to acetic acid by bacteria (Ye et al, 2023;Zhao et al, 2020). In recent years, various kinds of vinegar drinks with fruits and vegetables as raw materials have developed rapidly, such as apple cider vinegar, hawthorn vinegar, grape vinegar, mulberry vinegar, onion vinegar, and seaweed vinegar, etc., (Bang et al, 2022;Cantadori et al, 2022;Li et al, 2023;Ousaaid et al, 2021;Özdemir et al, 2022;Singh et al, 2023). There are also many types of research on nutrient-fortified vinegar drinks with adding various nutritional factors, such as vitamins, mineral elements, pearl powder, oligosaccharides, etc., (Budak et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2023;Ousaaid et al, 2021).…”