Mulberry Fruit Cultivar ‘Chiang Mai’ Prevents Beta-Amyloid Toxicity in PC12 Neuronal Cells and in a Drosophila Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by chronic neuron loss and cognitive problems. Aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, a product of cleaved amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1), have been indicated for the progressive pathogenesis of AD. Currently, screening for anti-AD compounds in foodstuffs is increasing, with promising results. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the extraction conditions, phytochemical contents, and anti-AD properties, targeting Aβ peptides of Morus cf. nigra ‘Chiang Mai’ (MNCM) both in vitro and in vivo. Data showed that the aqueous extract of MNCM contained high amounts of cyanidin, keracyanin, and kuromanin as anthocyanidin and anthocyanins. The extract also strongly inhibited cholinesterases and BACE-1 in vitro. Moreover, MNCM extract prevented Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and promoted neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells. Interestingly, MNCM extract reduced Aβ1–42 peptides and improved locomotory coordination of Drosophila co-expressing human APP and BACE-1, specifically in the brain. These findings suggest that MNCM may be useful as an AD preventive agent by targeting Aβ formation.

Comparison of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Anti-Alzheimer Properties of Twenty-Seven Morus spp. Cultivated in Thailand

“…Morus spp. are of great interest due to their high phytochemicals, especially anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, which have been proved to exhibit anti-AD functions in vitro and in vivo [12]. Besides anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, moracin derivatives from Morus radix could function as dual BACE1 and cholinesterase inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities [6].…”

“…Dry samples were ground into fine powder using a grinder (Philips 600W series, Philips Electronics Co., Ltd., Jakarta, Indonesia), and packed in vacuum aluminum foil bags before extraction. The aqueous extract was then prepared, as previously described [12].…”

“…The HPLC analysis was performed utilizing a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min at ambient temperature. The solvent system was shown in Table 5 as previously described [12]. Table 5.…”

The Effect of Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Its Mixtures on Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities, and Inhibitions of the Key Enzymes Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Anthocyanidins were identified utilizing HPLC analysis as previously described [ 61 , 62 ]. The dry sample (500 mg) was mixed with 50% ( v / v ) aqueous methanol containing 2 N HCl (5 mL) before incubating at 100 ± 2 °C in a water bath (TW20 series from Julabo GmbH, Seelbach, Germany) for 1 h. The mixture was filtrated through a 0.22 µM PTFE membrane syringe filter, and the filtrate was subjected to an Ultimate 3000 HPLC system with diode array and multiple-wavelength detectors from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dreieich, Germany with a 5 µm ReproSil-Pur ® ODS-3 column (250 × 4.6 mm) from Dr. Maisch GmbH (Ammerbuch, Germany).…”

Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant, and Inhibitory Activities of Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb.) Craib and Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Sm.

“…Anthocyanidin and anthocyanin identification was performed as previously described [ 26 , 27 ]. Anthocyanidins were extracted using the powdered sample (500 mg) that was dispersed in 50% ( v / v ) aqueous methanol containing 2 N HCl (5 mL).…”