Mueller-matrix modeling and characterization of a dual-crystal electro-optic modulator

Cervantes-L, Joel; Serrano-García, David I.; Otani, Yukitoshi; Cense, Barry

doi:10.1364/oe.24.024213

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It has been proved that the LN has the largest EO effect when the electric field direction is parallel to LN's crystalline axis (x direction in figure 6(a)). According to the linear Pockels effect of LN, under the influence of the external electric field, the variation of refractive index of x, y, and z directions can be quantified as follows [47]:…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fano resonances generation in pyramidal lithium niobate metasurfaces with vertical symmetry-breaking

Gao¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Fano resonance exhibits an asymmetric spectral profile with a sharp change between a dip and a peak. However, high quality factor Fano resonance is extremely difficult to be fabricated because of its ultra sensitivity to geometrical imperfections. Here, we demonstrate the Fano resonances generation in all-dielectric pyramidal lithium niobate metasurface with vertical symmetrybreaking, which does not require tight geometrical tolerances and can be easily fabricated. The quality factor of the generated Fano resonance can reach up to 107 due to the reserve of horizontal symmetry. Our work provides a new method of achieving Fano resonances, which can find potential applications in a large variety of prominent optical devices, such as slow-light devices, susceptible sensors and ultrafast switches. Due to the large electro-optic (EO) coefficient of lithium niobate and the enhanced Pockels effect in the slow photon system, it has great potential for realizing tunable Fano resonance with extremely low voltage. These tuned Fano resonances, with a low voltage, will find many applications such as high-resolution spectroscopy, biomolecular detection, and tunable laser.

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fano resonances generation in pyramidal lithium niobate metasurfaces with vertical symmetry-breaking

Gao¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…One example is an integrated optics multiplexer where the birefringence between TE and TM modes is compensated by modal dispersion to enable efficient cross coupling between modes Kaushalram and Talabattula (2021). Another is an electro-optic modulator where the birefringent walk-off in the first crystal is canceled by the second crystal of equal length, with the optic axis of the second crystal rotated by 90 • relative to that of the firstBiazzo (1971); Cervantes-L et al (2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birefringence changes induced by thermal cycling in lithium niobate

Jundt,

Whittaker

2024

Preprint

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Lithium niobate exhibits slow refractive index drift after temperature excursions typical in device manufacturing. Such drift can degrade performance in certain devices. We analyze the birefringence changes in a range of temperatures to measure the magnitude and rate of change. Experiments were conducted by first annealing congruently grown, magnesium doped, and lithium-enriched crystals at a temperatures between 95oC and 215oC. Subsequent optical evaluation was performed between 95oC and 122oC using a table-top apparatus. The sample was illuminated with incandescent polarized light and transmitted light was collected with a compact spectrometer after passing through an analyzer so fringes could be recorded. Careful fringe analysis allows a precise estimate of birefringence changes at a reference wavelength with precision < 10−6. The observed birefringence changes can be explained by assuming that existing lithium vacancies re-arrange around positively charged point defects via lithium vacancy migration. Computer simulations for a simple model reproduce the major observations such as magnitude of change, activation energy for relaxation and the stretched exponential nature of the change. Similar effects are expected in lithium tantalate and the results suggest ways to minimize the influence on device operation.

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“…−40 • C to 70 • C), which far exceeds the measurement limitation of 0.2 class accuracy. Therefore, the dual-crystal compensation method without the half-wave plate is proposed [13], but it requires the growth characteristics and optical properties of two crystals to be completely consistent [14], which means that both crystals have the same purity and natural linear birefringence during growth process, and the working temperature environment of two crystals is strictly uniform. The above requirements are hard to meet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AC zero crossing compensation for thermal stress linear birefringence in optical voltage transducer

Huang,

Xu,

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The optical voltage transducer (OVT) based on the Pockels effect has a perennial issue of the thermal stress linear birefringence in the electro-optic crystal being overlapped with the electro-optic phase delay, which is difficult to be eliminated and seriously affects the measurement accuracy and reliability. In this paper an AC zero crossing compensation method for thermal stress linear birefringence is proposed. It is based on that when the steady-state AC voltage crosses zero points the electric field is zero, and the electro-optic crystal does not have any electro-optic effect, so the electro-optic phase delay is zero. In this case, the output of the OVT is an additional phase delay caused by the thermal stress linear birefringence, which can be separated and compensated by the linear demodulation OVT and the AC zero crossing detection circuit. The experimental results show that in the temperature range of -40℃ to 70℃, the measurement accuracy of the OVT after thermal stress linear birefringence compensation is improved from 0.5 class to 0.2 class. This method is helpful for the practicality of the OVT.

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Mueller-matrix modeling and characterization of a dual-crystal electro-optic modulator

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Fano resonances generation in pyramidal lithium niobate metasurfaces with vertical symmetry-breaking

Fano resonances generation in pyramidal lithium niobate metasurfaces with vertical symmetry-breaking

Birefringence changes induced by thermal cycling in lithium niobate

AC zero crossing compensation for thermal stress linear birefringence in optical voltage transducer

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