Mucosal immune responses in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles after Tenacibaculum maritimum challenge: A comparative study between ocular and blind sides

Escribano, M.P.; Ramos-Pinto, L.; Fernández-Boo, Sergio; Afonso, António; Costas, Benjamín; Guardiola, Francisco A.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.080

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In addition to water temperature, tenacibaculosis is often associated with poor management conditions (e.g., high rearing density, reduced or excessive feed administration, and/or mechanical damage of the skin and mucus barrier) (van Gelderen et al, 2011;Escribano et al, 2020). Adverse growing conditions increase the intensity and distribution pattern of the causative agent in various organs of hosts (Cepeda and Santos, 2002).…”

Section: Natural Reservoirs and Prevalence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen

Mabrok

Algammal

Elayaraja

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Tenacibaculosis occurs due to the marine bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. This ulcerative disease causes high mortalities for various marine fish species worldwide. Several external clinical signs can arise, including mouth erosion, epidermal ulcers, fin necrosis, and tail rot. Research in the last 15 years has advanced knowledge on the traits and pathogenesis mechanisms of T. maritimum. Consequently, significant progress has been made in defining the complex host-pathogen relationship. Nevertheless, tenacibaculosis pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Continued research is urgently needed, as demonstrated by recent reports on the re-emerging nature of tenacibaculosis in salmon farms globally. Current sanitary conditions compromise the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to hindering potential preventive measures against tenacibaculosis. The present review compiles knowledge of T. maritimum reported after the 2006 review by Avendaño-Herrera and colleagues. Essential aspects are emphasized, including antigenic and genomic characterizations and molecular diagnostic procedures. Further summarized are the epidemiological foundations of the T. maritimum population structure and elucidations as to the virulence mechanisms of pathogenic isolates, as found using biological, microbiological, and genomic techniques. This comprehensive source of reference will undoubtable serve in tenacibaculosis prevention and control within the marine fish farming industry. Lastly, knowledge gaps and valuable research areas are indicated as potential guidance for future studies.

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Section: Natural Reservoirs and Prevalence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen

Mabrok

Algammal

Elayaraja

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…This matrix is altered by the fish's health conditions similarly to plasma, allowing easy, low-invasive sampling. Moreover, skin and skin mucus are permanently in contact with the nearby aquatic environment, acting as the first line of defence against a wide range of stressors (e.g., microorganisms, water quality, and pollutants) [10,11]. A positive correlation among cortisol levels in plasma and skin mucus has been previously observed in stressful situations [7,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Skin Mucus as a Relevant Low-Invasive Biological Matrix for the Measurement of an Acute Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Franco‐Martínez

Brandts

Reyes-López

et al. 2022

Water

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Skin mucus is a non-lethal and low-invasive matrix appropriate to assess fish welfare as it contributes to their defence against external aggressions and reflects changes in fish health status. However, more information on the response of this matrix to specific stressors is needed. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) specimens were subjected to an acute stress by air exposure and sampled after 1, 6, and 24 h post-stress. Blood and skin mucus were collected, and a battery of biochemical biomarkers were measured in both matrices. Cortisol and glucose values showed the expected classical stress response in plasma, increasing after the acute stress. The same pattern was observed in skin mucus, corroborating previous data in fish, and allowing us to confirm that skin mucus can be a useful complementary matrix for stress assessment in fish. The results showed sensitivity to hypoxic stress in skin mucus for cortisol, glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK), and calcium. From the 15 parameters evaluated, 12 did not show statistically significant changes between plasma and mucus; therefore, using skin mucus cannot replace the use of plasma. Finally, the principal component analysis in skin mucus revealed a complete separation between the two experimental groups, being ALP, AST, glucose, cortisol, and CK, the biomarkers that contributed the most to this separation.

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“…Yellow plaques of bacterial mats on the fish abdomen and gills were commonly observed with both species of pathogen as described in other studies [8, 16, 62]. The re-isolation of the respective species from patches of bacterial mat and epidermal abnormalities (i.e., skin ulcer, fin necrosis and mouth rot) indicates the proliferation of the pathogens, their invasion of the mucus-epidermal layer and their ability to evade mucosal immunity [15, 77, 83, 84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Experimental challenge of Chinook salmon withTenacibaculum maritimumandTenacibaculum dicentrarchifulfils Koch’s postulates

Kumanan,

Carson,

Hunter

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The bacterial skin disease tenacibaculosis, caused byTenacibaculumspecies, can compromise numerous species of economically important marine fish, including salmonids. While tenacibaculosis is a known threat to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture, the pathogenesis ofTenacibaculum maritimumandTenacibaculum dicentrarchion Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) has not yet been investigated. In this study, three molecular O-AGC types ofT. maritimum(O-AGC Type 3-0, Type 2-1 and Type 3-2) andT. dicentrarchiisolated during a disease outbreak of farmed Chinook salmon in Aotearoa New Zealand were assessed for their ability to induce tenacibaculosis in salmon smolts under controlled conditions. Naive Chinook salmon were exposed toT. maritimumorT. dicentrarchiby immersion. Clinical signs of tenacibaculosis were apparent post-exposure and observed in 100% of all three molecular O-AGC types ofT.-maritimum-challenged fish, with 100% morbidity in O-AGC Type 2-1 and Type 3-2 and 60% in O-AGC Type 3-0. Chinook salmon exposed toT. dicentrarchishowed characteristic clinical signs of disease in 51% of the challenged population, with 28% morbidity. Common gross pathological signs observed for bothTenacibaculumspecies were congruent with observations on farmed fish in the field, including scale loss, erythematous skin lesion, skin ulcers, fin necrosis, mouth erosion and gill ulceration. Exophthalmia was observed only inT. maritimum-challenged fish, while skin ulcers appeared grossly more severe with exposed musculature inT. dicentrarchi-challenged fish. PureT. maritimumandT. dicentrarchicultures were reisolated from the skin and gills of the challenged fish and their identity was confirmed by species-specific PCR and molecular O-AGC typing. Challenge experiments and associated field surveillance (forT. maritimum) did not show the presence of culturableT. maritimumcells in the anterior kidney. This provides compelling evidence that tenacibaculosis in farmed Chinook salmon is an external infectious disease, and thatTenacibaculumis a marine obligate organism that is unable to survive in fish body fluids and does not cause septicaemia. This has repercussions for approaches to experimental challenges withTenacibaculumspecies, which must occur by immersion rather than intraperitoneal or intramuscular inoculation, to replicate the natural transmission pathway and to ensure a successful challenge model. This study fulfilled modernised Koch’s postulates for the three molecular O-AGC types ofT. maritimumand single strain ofT. dicentrarchias aetiological agents of tenacibaculosis in Chinook salmon that cause mortalities with considerable external abnormalities.Author summaryChinook salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, is the most significant species of Pacific salmon for its large size and nutritional content which makes it a premium choice for aquaculture. In Aotearoa|New Zealand, Chinook salmon is the only marine salmon species farmed. For a decade, the industry was impacted by an undiagnosed skin disease resulting in high mortalities. Disease susceptibility in Chinook salmon is scarcely studied and added to the challenge for a timely diagnosis. This novel research provides insight on disease susceptibility of Chinook salmon and confirmsTenacibaculumspecies identified in New Zealand pose a high threat to the aquaculture industry. This research has global implications and contributes valuable insights and approaches to disease management that can be applied in British Columbia and Canada where Chinook salmon populations are in decline.

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Mucosal immune responses in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles after Tenacibaculum maritimum challenge: A comparative study between ocular and blind sides

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen

Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen

Skin Mucus as a Relevant Low-Invasive Biological Matrix for the Measurement of an Acute Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Experimental challenge of Chinook salmon withTenacibaculum maritimumandTenacibaculum dicentrarchifulfils Koch’s postulates

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