Mucosal Adjuvants to Improve Wildlife Rabies Vaccination

Fry, Tricia L.; Dalen, Kaci Van; Hurley, Jerome C.; Nash, Paul B.

doi:10.7589/2011-11-331

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Limited horizontal transmission has previously been documented in other oral rabies vaccine experimental studies [13,27,28]. We did not observe any signs of disease or adverse effects associated with vaccination of these young animals and the overall seroconversion rate was similar to what we have observed in experimentally vaccinated adult raccoons [29]. Regardless of vaccination treatment, kits that developed RVNA also showed an anamnestic response after exposure to IMRAB3 ® at 38-41 weeks of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Humoral immune response to oral rabies vaccination in raccoon kits: Problems and implications

Fry

VanDalen

Shriner

et al. 2013

Vaccine

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Little is known about the immunogenicity of RABORAL V-RG(®) (V-RG), an oral rabies vaccine, in raccoon kits (Procyon lotor). The objectives of this study were to characterize the immunogenicity of V-RG in young kits and investigate the potential impact of maternal antibodies on response to vaccination of nursing raccoon kits. Raccoon kits (n=30) were vaccinated at either 3 weeks of age, 7 weeks of age, or assigned as contact controls. Nineteen kits (73%) that were whelped by unvaccinated mothers responded to V-RG exposure (orally or indirect contact) by production of detectable rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) while 7 (27%) kits did not respond to V-RG exposure. Four kits were whelped by a mother with high levels of RVNA and all four kits acquired maternal rabies antibodies. At approximately 9 months of age, all kits were inoculated with a killed rabies vaccine, IMRAB3(®). The kits which initially responded to V-RG oral vaccination or contact with vaccinated littermates demonstrated a rapid anamnestic response. In contrast, the V-RG non-responders and those with acquired maternal antibodies exhibited a primary immune response to IMRAB3(®), where RVNA levels were substantially lower on days 5 and 7 than the levels in the animals with an anamnestic response. These findings suggest that the naïve contact kits and the nonresponsive kits most likely remained susceptible to rabies virus infection whereas the ones demonstrating response to V-RG would not have been susceptible to a rabies virus infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Humoral immune response to oral rabies vaccination in raccoon kits: Problems and implications

Fry

VanDalen

Shriner

et al. 2013

Vaccine

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“…Understanding the mechanisms of vaccine virus uptake and replication is crucial for vaccine development and optimisation. Next to improved or new vaccines that lead to enhanced field performance 17 , further research should investigate how vaccine uptake efficacy in raccoons, skunks and other rather refractory reservoir species can be improved, for example by increasing vaccine titre, vaccination intervals or by adding muco-adhesive and/ or permeation enhancing substances [63][64][65][66] to allow for future elimination strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responsiveness of various reservoir species to oral rabies vaccination correlates with differences in vaccine uptake of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues

Kamp

Freuling

Vos³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is highly effective in foxes and raccoon dogs, whereas for unknown reasons the efficacy of ORV in other reservoir species is less pronounced. To investigate possible variations in species-specific cell tropism and local replication of vaccine virus, different reservoir species including foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, mongooses, dogs and skunks were orally immunised with a highly attenuated, high-titred GFP-expressing rabies virus (RABV). Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR screenings revealed clear differences among species suggesting host specific limitations to ORV. While for responsive species the palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina) were identified as a main site of virus replication, less virus dissemination was observed in the tonsils of rather refractory species. While our comparison of vaccine virus tropism emphasizes the important role that the tonsilla palatina plays in eliciting an immune response to ORV, our data also indicate that other lymphoid tissues may have a more important role than originally anticipated. Overall, these data support a model in which the susceptibility to oral live RABV vaccine infection of lymphatic tissue is a major determinant in vaccination efficacy. The present results may help to direct future research for improving vaccine uptake and efficacy of oral rabies vaccines under field conditions.

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“…Chitosan is insoluble in water, which is why there is an uncertainty concerning the precise amount of chitosan added in the binding assay and to the vaccine given to the chickens. In a previous study both chitosan and its derivative N,N,Ntrimethylated chitosan (TMC) were used as adjuvants in vaccines in raccoons (Fry et al 2012). This study showed a higher number of responders to the vaccine when TMC was added instead of chitosan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvant effects of mannose-binding lectin ligands on the immune response to infectious bronchitis vaccine in chickens with high or low serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations

et al. 2014

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Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays a major role in the immune response as a soluble pattern-recognition receptor. MBL deficiency and susceptibility to different types of infections have been subject to extensive studies over the last decades. In humans and chickens, several studies have shown that MBL participates in the protection of hosts against virus infections. Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease of economic importance in the poultry industry caused by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). MBL has earlier been described to play a potential role in the pathogenesis of IBV infection and the production of IBV-specific antibodies, which may be exploited in optimising IBV vaccine strategies. The present study shows that MBL has the capability to bind to IBV in vitro. Chickens from two inbred lines (L10H and L10L) selected for high or low MBL serum concentrations, respectively, were vaccinated against IBV with or without the addition of the MBL ligands mannan, chitosan and fructooligosaccharide (FOS). The addition of MBL ligands to the IBV vaccine, especially FOS, enhanced the production of IBV-specific IgG antibody production in L10H chickens, but not L10L chickens after the second vaccination. The addition of FOS to the vaccine also increased the number of circulating CD4+ cells in L10H chickens compared to L10L chickens. The L10H chickens as well as the L10L chickens also showed an increased number of CD4-CD8α-γδ T-cells when an MBL ligand was added to the vaccine, most pronouncedly after the first vaccination. As MBL ligands co-administered with IBV vaccine induced differences between the two chicken lines, these results indirectly suggest that MBL is involved in the immune response to IBV vaccination. Furthermore, the higher antibody response in L10H chickens receiving vaccine and FOS makes FOS a potential adjuvant candidate in an IBV vaccine.

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Mucosal Adjuvants to Improve Wildlife Rabies Vaccination

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Humoral immune response to oral rabies vaccination in raccoon kits: Problems and implications

Humoral immune response to oral rabies vaccination in raccoon kits: Problems and implications

Responsiveness of various reservoir species to oral rabies vaccination correlates with differences in vaccine uptake of mucosa associated lymphoid tissues

Adjuvant effects of mannose-binding lectin ligands on the immune response to infectious bronchitis vaccine in chickens with high or low serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations

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