Mucorales and Mucormycosis: Recent Insights and Future Prospects

Abstract

The classification of Mucorales encompasses a collection of basal fungi that have traditionally demonstrated an aversion to modern genetic manipulation techniques. This aversion led to a scarcity of knowledge regarding their biology compared to other fungal groups. However, the emergence of mucormycosis, a fungal disease caused by Mucorales, has attracted the attention of the clinical field, mainly because available therapies are ineffective for decreasing the fatal outcome associated with the disease. This revitalized curiosity about Mucorales and mucormycosis, also encouraged by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, has spurred a significant and productive effort to uncover their mysteries in recent years. Here, we elaborate on the most remarkable breakthroughs related to the recently discovered genetic advances in Mucorales and mucormycosis. The utilization of a few genetic study models has enabled the identification of virulence factors in Mucorales that were previously described in other pathogens. More notably, recent investigations have identified novel genes and mechanisms controlling the pathogenic potential of Mucorales and their interactions with the host, providing fresh avenues to devise new strategies against mucormycosis. Finally, new study models are allowing virulence studies that were previously hampered in Mucorales, predicting a prolific future for the field.

Genetic Basis for Mucormycosis Progression in COVID-19 Patients: From Susceptibility to Severity

“…Additionally, this knowledge may lead to novel approaches for rapid diagnosis and treatment, thereby enhancing the ability to treat this challenging fungal infection. [7] Recent research has identified key genes associated with the virulence of Mucorales. These genes, including CotH -like genes, belong to a Mucorales-specific gene family, a high-affinity iron uptake system, azole resistance genes such as cytochrome P450 , and genes involved in the host innate immune response contribute to the complexity of mucormycosis.…”

“…Understanding the genetic factors that influence disease advancement provides valuable insights into the development of targeted therapies that precisely address the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease. [7] A comprehensive understanding of genetic factors influencing disease susceptibility and severity can guide the development of public health strategies, including optimized vaccination programs and targeted screening initiatives. This approach aimed to alleviate the overall disease burden on the population.…”

Comprehensive Review on the Virulence Factors and Therapeutic Strategies with the Aid of Artificial Intelligence against Mucormycosis

“…68,163 R3B2, a potential drug target being unique to Mucorales with its structure and function thoroughly studied, degrades RNA selectively, favoring singlestranded over double-stranded RNA binding domains. 164 R3B2's absence increases drug-resistance in strains via epimutation, indicating NCRIP route compete with the epimutational route. 68 Mutations in rdrp1 and rdrp3 genes also influence epimutant formation.…”

Mucormycosis: update on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment

“…The explosion of MCR cases in the COVID-19 pandemic wave in India during 2021 further stimulated interest in this disease [8]. Tremendous strides have been achieved in deciphering the complex immunopathogenesis of this infection, which are beyond the scope of this review [9,10]. Here, we focus on new information regarding the clinical aspects of MCR during the last 18–24 months…”