MSCs and their exosomes: a rapidly evolving approach in the context of cutaneous wounds therapy

Abstract

Currently, mesenchymal stem/stromal stem cell (MSC) therapy has become a promising option for accelerating cutaneous wound healing. In vivo reports have outlined the robust competences of MSCs to offer a solid milieu by inhibition of inflammatory reactions, which in turn, enables skin regeneration. Further, due to their great potential to stimulate angiogenesis and also facilitate matrix remodeling, MSCs hold substantial potential as future therapeutic strategies in this context. The MSCs-induced wound healing is thought to mainly rely on the secretion of a myriad of paracrine factors in addition to their direct differentiation to skin-resident cells. Besides, MSCs-derived exosomes as nanoscale and closed membrane vesicles have recently been suggested as an effective and cell-free approach to support skin regeneration, circumventing the concerns respecting direct application of MSCs. The MSCs-derived exosomes comprise molecular components including lipid, proteins, DNA, microRNA, and also mRNA, which target molecular pathways and also biological activities in recipient cells (e.g., endothelial cell, keratinocyte, and fibroblast). The secreted exosome modifies macrophage activation, stimulates angiogenesis, and instigates keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast proliferations as well as migrations concurrently regulate inherent potential of myofibroblast for adjustment of turnover of the ECM. In the present review, we will focus on the recent findings concerning the application of MSCs and their derivative exosome to support wound healing and skin regeneration, with special focus on last decade in vivo reports.

Role and Function of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Fibroblast in Cutaneous Wound Healing

“…MSC-derived exosomes enhance the proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts [ 99 , 100 ]. In addition, MSC has been shown to migrate into wounds and differentiate into fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and other wound-healing cells in the skin [ 15 ]. Finally, in the last remodeling phase, the extracellular matrix composed of type III collagen is converted to type I collagen [ 101 ].…”

“…They are one of the stem cells that are expected to be applied in regenerative medicine. One of the classes of cells that MSCs can differentiate into is fibroblasts [ 15 ]. Fibroblasts participate in the structure of all tissues in the body (skin, muscle, nerve, etc.)…”

Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Promote Survival of Skin Flaps in Rats

“…No obvious side effects were found in the rat model in the short term, while further observation is needed to determine whether long-term side effects exist. In recent years, more and more strategies have been developed to achieve more desired outcomes, such as pretreatment or modification of exosomes [ 44 , 45 ]. Moreover, biomaterials such as hydrogel were applicated in exosome delivery or retaining [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Hydrogels for the treatment of radiation-induced skin and mucosa damages: An up-to-date overview

“…Frontiers in Materials frontiersin.org play an important role in the wound healing process (Garg et al, 2014;Bandekar et al, 2021;Marofi et al, 2021). Lee et al (Lee et al, 2017b) used SIS as a stem cell scaffold (where hUCB-MSCs were implanted) as a wound dressing to promote radiationinduced skin wound healing.…”