mRNA vaccine boosters and impaired immune system response in immune compromised individuals: a narrative review

Abstract

Over the last 24 months, there has been growing evidence of a correlation between mRNA COVID-19 vaccine boosters and increased prevalence of COVID-19 infection and other pathologies. Recent works have added possible causation to correlation. mRNA vaccine boosters may impair immune system response in immune compromised individuals. Multiple doses of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines may result in much higher levels of IgG 4 antibodies, or also impaired activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. The opportunity for mRNA vaccine boosters to impair the immune system response needs careful consideration, as this impacts the cost-to-benefit ratio of the boosters’ practice.

Clinical development of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant spike protein vaccine

“… 73 We still do not know the significance of mRNA vaccines increasing IgG4 levels 83 and what might this mean for the effectiveness of mRNA in the longer-term. 84 Only time will ultimately tell. SpikoGen® represented a remarkable achievement given the extremely limited resources available to the project team.…”

Current German Recommendations and International Research on the Use of COVID-19 Boosters among Health Care Providers in 2024: A Narrative Review

“…Furthermore, individuals who have received three doses of Comirnaty Original may experience a reduction in Ab-mediated phagocytic activity and complement deposition. This could potentially increase the risk of other opportunistic infections [ 15 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…The Fab arm exchange can reduce the overall antiviral efficacy of IgG4 antibodies, including viral clearance, compared to IgG1 and IgG3. Elevated ratios of IgG4 to IgG1 are associated with unfavourable disease outcomes, potentially leading to prolonged viral persistence and increased susceptibility to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 [ 15 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…It is crucial to acknowledge that IgG4 may not be the sole pathway for SARS-CoV-2 clearance. Other innate immune mechanisms stimulated by hybrid and herd immunity might prove more effective against SARS-CoV-2 [ 15 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…These exosomes trigger signalling responses in recipient cells at distant locations. The findings suggest disruptions in the regulatory control of protein synthesis and cancer surveillance, which may be related to various health conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, myocarditis, immune thrombocytopenia, Bell’s palsy, liver disease, impaired adaptive immunity, compromised DNA damage response, and the initiation of tumourigenesis [ 24 , 25 ].…”