MRI of the Achilles tendon—A comprehensive pictorial review. Part one

Szaro, Paweł; Nilsson-Helander, Katarina; Carmont, Michael R.

doi:10.1016/j.ejro.2021.100342

Cited by 10 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…1 Early repair appears as T2 hyperintense signal during the first few weeks that could cause overestimation of the tendon gap superimposed on the physical tendon gap. 5 Fujikawa et al noted a residual tendon gap is sometimes noted postoperatively that was reported to be a normal healing response up to 4 weeks. 1 2 A gap is visualized at 8 weeks on T1 in 10% of open surgical repairs versus 80% in percutaneous repairs that resolved at 12 weeks in both repair techniques.…”

Section: Achilles Treatment Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Achilles injury occurs due to chronic overuse in athletes, forceful dorsiflexion, as well as with medications (fluoroquinolones, corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy), obesity, and inflammatory disorders. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14…”

Section: Anatomy and Basic Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insertional tears are typically repaired with one or two large suture anchors, often combined with resection of a Haglund's deformity (bony prominence at the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneal tubercle). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14…”

Section: Achilles Treatment Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presurgical Perspectives and Post-treatment Evaluation of Achilles Tendon Injuries

Moriarty

Morrison

2023

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol

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The Achilles is a commonly injured tendon, prone to degeneration and tear. Achilles tendon treatment ranges from conservative management to injections, tenotomy, open versus percutaneous tendon repair, graft reconstruction, and flexor hallucis longus transfer. Interpreting postoperative imaging of the Achilles tendon is a difficult task for many providers. This article clarifies these issues by presenting the imaging findings following standard treatments and depicts expected appearance versus recurrent tear and other complications.

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Section: Achilles Treatment Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anatomy and Basic Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presurgical Perspectives and Post-treatment Evaluation of Achilles Tendon Injuries

Moriarty

Morrison

2023

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol

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“…Ultrasonography is considered the first-line imaging examination. Xanthomas are visualized as hypoechoic nodules or a diffuse heterogeneous abnormality of the tendon, with markedly increased anteroposterior diameter [ 11 , 12 ]. Surgical treatment of Achilles xanthomas tendon is usually limited to patients who have severe enlargement of the tendon, causing pain or mobility problems [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive excision and reconstruction of Achilles tendon xanthoma using free autologous semitendinosus tendon transfer: a surgical technique

et al. 2023

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Background Tendon xanthomatosis is often associated with familial hypercholesterolemia, but it can also occur in other medical conditions. The Achilles tendon is the most common site of tendon xanthomas. Reconstruction of large defects after the xanthoma excision, can be challenging. Methods We propose a novel technique for Achilles tendon reconstruction with the use of an ipsilateral autologous semitendinosus tendon graft. The technique consists of six steps. Results This procedure has a low rate of complications and provides results that are at least comparable with those reported with other surgical approaches.

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“…From the literature review, the tendinopathy grading through MRI has already been discussed in the rotator cuff tendon [ 15 ] and Achilles tendon [ 16 ]. There are few MRI grading studies looking into the degree of CET injury, as described by the combination of various variables such as the gap of tendon, the thickness of tear and the degree of tendinosis [ 17 , 18 ] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a novel magnetic resonance imaging classification and recommended treatment for lateral elbow tendinopathy

Tuntiyatorn

Taweesakulvashra

Kanchanathepsak

et al. 2022

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background Lateral epicondylitis is one of the most common upper extremity problems presented to orthopedic surgeons. Despite a rapid and accurate arrival at a diagnosis by clinical examination, there exists no consensus classification for this condition, which hampers clinical approaches for treatment of the disease based on its severity. Thus, the aim of this study was to propose and valiadate a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification of lateral epicondylitis, staging by tendinosis, the degree of thickness tears of the common extensor tendon (CET) and bone bruise lesion. Method MRI assessment of the elbow of 75 patients (57 women and 18 men; mean age:51.4 years (range,34–73) from Jan 2014 to Jan 2021 who were diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis were included in the study. MR images were reviewed retrospectively by two independent upper extremities orthopedists and one musculoskeletal radiologist. Inter- and intra-observer reliabilities for the classification were calculated using kappa statistics for the analysis of interrater agreement. Correlation between the stage of the disease and the duration of symptom before MRI was calculated using Kruskal–wallis test. Results Various degrees of CET lesions were demonstrated in this population (Stage I-17, IIA-7, IIB-22 and III-29). Intra-observer agreements of MRI staging were substantial to satisfactory. Inter-observer agreements were moderate to substantial. There was no significant correlation between the disease stage and the patient age or the duration of symptom before MRI. Conclusion Our MRI classification has emerged as one of the most reliable methods to define stages of chronic lateral epicondylitis. At the end, we have suggeted a clearer direction for understanding the disease pathology as well as an appropriate management protocol for each stage of the disease in line with the recent body of literature.

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MRI of the Achilles tendon—A comprehensive pictorial review. Part one

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Presurgical Perspectives and Post-treatment Evaluation of Achilles Tendon Injuries

Presurgical Perspectives and Post-treatment Evaluation of Achilles Tendon Injuries

Minimally invasive excision and reconstruction of Achilles tendon xanthoma using free autologous semitendinosus tendon transfer: a surgical technique

Validation of a novel magnetic resonance imaging classification and recommended treatment for lateral elbow tendinopathy

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