MpkA-Dependent and -Independent Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in
            <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>

Fujioka, Tomonori; Mizutani, Osamu; Furukawa, Kentaro; Sato, Natsuko; Yoshimi, Akira; Yamagata, Yuriko; Nakajima, Tasuku; Abe, Keietsu

doi:10.1128/ec.00281-06

Cited by 145 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In our experiments, the transcriptionally regulated mpkA and rlmA, which are both key members of the cell wall integrity pathway (Fujioka et al, 2007), were not upregulated. Repression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides (Table 2, Fig.…”

Section: Programmed Cell Death During Carbon Starvationmentioning

confidence: 44%

Transcriptome changes initiated by carbon starvation in Aspergillus nidulans

et al. 2013

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Carbon starvation is a common stress for micro-organisms both in nature and in industry. The carbon starvation stress response (CSSR) involves the regulation of several important processes including programmed cell death and reproduction of fungi, secondary metabolite production and extracellular hydrolase formation. To gain insight into the physiological events of CSSR, DNA microarray analyses supplemented with real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) experiments on 99 selected genes were performed. These data demonstrated that carbon starvation induced very complex changes in the transcriptome. Several genes contributing to protein synthesis were upregulated together with genes involved in the unfolded protein stress response. The balance between biosynthesis and degradation moved towards degradation in the case of cell wall, carbohydrate, lipid and nitrogen metabolism, which was accompanied by the production of several hydrolytic enzymes and the induction of macroautophagy. These processes provide the cultures with longterm survival by liberating nutrients through degradation of the cell constituents. The induced synthesis of secondary metabolites, antifungal enzymes and proteins as well as bacterial cell walldegrading enzymes demonstrated that carbon-starving fungi should have marked effects on the micro-organisms in their surroundings. Due to the increased production of extracellular and vacuolar enzymes during carbon starvation, the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum increased considerably.

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Section: Programmed Cell Death During Carbon Starvationmentioning

confidence: 44%

Transcriptome changes initiated by carbon starvation in Aspergillus nidulans

et al. 2013

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“…The increased sensitivity of the mutants to cell-wall-degrading enzymes suggested that the MAK-1 MAPK pathway might play a role in generating tolerance to antifungal agents that cause cell wall damage to Neurospora. It has been demonstrated for several filamentous fungi, including C. neoformans, A. nidulans, and A. fumigatus, that the Slt2p-related pathway is activated by and functions in the tolerance to cell-wall-damaging antifungal drugs (15,27,55). Our tests using three antifungal agents demonstrated that only the ␤-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor aculeacin A induces elevated phosphorylation of MAK-1 in wild-type Neurospora.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Required for Regulation of Development and Secondary Metabolism in Neurospora crassa

Park¹,

Pan

Borkovich

2008

Eukaryot Cell

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are composed of MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), and MAPKs. In this study, we characterize components of a MAPK cascade in Neurospora crassa (mik-1, MAPKKK; mek-1, MAPKK; and mak-1, MAPK) homologous to that controlling cell wall integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Growth of basal hyphae is significantly reduced in mik-1, mek-1, and mak-1 deletion mutants on solid medium. All three mutants formed short aerial hyphae and the formation of asexual macroconidia was reduced in ⌬mik-1 mutants and almost abolished in ⌬mek-1 and ⌬mak-1 strains. In contrast, the normally rare asexual spores, arthroconidia, were abundant in cultures of the three mutants. ⌬mik-1, ⌬mek-1, and ⌬mak-1 mutants were unable to form protoperithecia or perithecia when used as females in a sexual cross. The MAK-1 MAPK was not phosphorylated in ⌬mik-1 and ⌬mek-1 mutants, consistent with the involvement of MIK-1, MEK-1, and MAK-1 in the same signaling cascade. Interestingly, we observed increased levels of mRNA and protein for tyrosinase in the mutants under nitrogen starvation, a condition favoring sexual differentiation. Tyrosinase is an enzyme that catalyzes production of the secondary metabolite L-DOPA melanin. These results implicate the MAK-1 pathway in regulation of development and secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi.

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“…In S. cerevisiae, Pmt2 and Pmt4 modify Wsc1p, one of the cell wall proteins that transmits the stress signal to the downstream Pkc1p and MAPK cascade signaling pathways that ultimately activate cell wall biosynthetic genes (18). Though the cell wall integrity pathway is not as well understood in A. nidulans, there are many orthologs of cell wall integrity pathway gene products, including the Wsc proteins (5). We found that a Wsc1 ortholog ran with an apparently reduced molecular mass in A. nidulans ⌬pmtA and ⌬pmtC strains (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Aspergillus nidulans Protein O -Mannosyltransferases Play Roles in Cell Wall Integrity and Developmental Patterning

Kriangkripipat

Momany

2009

Eukaryot Cell

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Protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmts) initiate O-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis from Ser and Thr residues of target proteins. Fungal Pmts are divided into three subfamilies, Pmt1, -2, and -4. Aspergillus nidulans possesses a single representative of each Pmt subfamily, pmtA (subfamily 2), pmtB (subfamily 1), and pmtC (subfamily 4). In this work, we show that single ⌬pmt mutants are viable and have unique phenotypes and that the ⌬pmtA ⌬pmtB double mutant is the only viable double mutant. This makes A. nidulans the first fungus in which all members of individual Pmt subfamilies can be deleted without loss of viability. At elevated temperatures, all A. nidulans ⌬pmt mutants show cell wall-associated defects and increased sensitivity to cell wallperturbing agents. The ⌬pmt mutants also show defects in developmental patterning. Germ tube emergence is early in ⌬pmtA and more frequent in ⌬pmtC mutants than in the wild type. In ⌬pmtB mutants, intrahyphal hyphae develop. All ⌬pmt mutants show distinct conidiophore defects. The ⌬pmtA strain has swollen vesicles and conidiogenous cells, the ⌬pmtB strain has swollen conidiophore stalks, and the ⌬pmtC strain has dramatically elongated conidiophore stalks. We also show that AN5660, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wsc1p, is modified by PmtA and PmtC. The ⌬pmt phenotypes at elevated temperatures, increased sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents and restoration to wild-type growth with osmoticum suggest that A. nidulans Pmts modify proteins in the cell wall integrity pathway. The altered developmental patterns in ⌬pmt mutants suggest that A. nidulans Pmts modify proteins that serve as spatial cues.

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MpkA-Dependent and -Independent Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Aspergillus nidulans

Cited by 145 publications

References 70 publications

Transcriptome changes initiated by carbon starvation in Aspergillus nidulans

Transcriptome changes initiated by carbon starvation in Aspergillus nidulans

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Required for Regulation of Development and Secondary Metabolism in Neurospora crassa

Aspergillus nidulans Protein O -Mannosyltransferases Play Roles in Cell Wall Integrity and Developmental Patterning

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