MPH-M, AODV-M and DSR-M Performance Evaluation under Jamming Attacks

Abstract

In this work, we present the design of a mitigation scheme for jamming attacks integrated to the routing protocols MPH, AODV, and DSR. The resulting protocols are named MPH-M (Multi-Parent Hierarchical - Modified), AODV-M (Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector - Modified), and DSR-M (Dynamic Source Routing - Modified). For the mitigation algorithm, if the detection algorithm running locally in each node produces a positive result then the node is isolated; second, the routing protocol adapts their paths avoiding the isolated nodes. We evaluated how jamming attacks affect different metrics for all these modified protocols. The metrics we employ to detect jamming attack are number of packet retransmissions, number of CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) retries while waiting for an idle channel and the energy wasted by the node. The metrics to evaluate the performance of the modified routing protocols are the throughput and resilience of the system and the energy used by the nodes. We evaluated all the modified protocols when the attacker position was set near, middle and far of the collector node. The results of our evaluation show that performance for MPH-M is much better than AODV-M and DSR-M. For example, the node energy for MPH-M is 138.13% better than AODV-M and 126.07% better than DSR-M. Moreover, we also find that MPH-M benefits much more of the mitigation scheme than AODV-M and DSR-M. For example, the node energy consumption is 34.61% lower for MPH-M and only 3.92% and 3.42% for AODV-M and DSR-M, respectively. On throughput, the MPH protocol presents a packet reception efficiency at the collector node of 16.4% on to AODV and DSR when there is no mitigation mechanism. Moreover, MPH-M has an efficiency greater than 7.7% with respect to AODV-M and DSR-M when there is a mitigation scheme. In addition, we have that with the mitigation mechanism AODV-M and DSR-M do not present noticeable modification. However, MPH-M improves its efficiency by 8.4%. We also measure the resilience of these algorithms from the average packet re-transmissions perspective, and we find that MPH-M has around a 15% lower change rate than AODV-M and DSR-M. The MPH-M recovery time is 5 s faster than AODV-M and 2 s faster than DSR-M.

New Detection Paradigms to Improve Wireless Sensor Network Performance under Jamming Attacks

“…In this work, two new collaborative mechanisms for jamming detection, based on cooperation by receiving feedback from other network nodes, are proposed. The two proposed techniques are improved versions of the method published in [15] with a free training characteristic, i.e., both techniques do not require a previous learning step. These techniques are named (i) Connected Mechanism and (ii) Extended Mechanism.…”

“…The first one is based on the comparison of performance parameters with respect to directly connected neighbors by interchanging packets with performance metric information, whereas the latter relays The second one is based on the comparison of the parameters known by a collector node, that establishes differences between them and detect a possible affected zone. A notorious advantage of the these two detection techniques proposed in this work concerning the training technique from [15] is that the implementation is faster because there is no previous learning stage. Another advantage is that if the attacker is active during the learning stage, the reference values of this step will be erroneous parameters and the system will not be able to identify the presence of the jammer.…”

A Statistical Approach to Detect Jamming Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…It functions by dynamically assigning nodes to different channels in the jammed area to defeat the attacker. The resilience of WSN routing protocols, such as AODV, DSR and the recent MPH to reactive jamming attack has been studied in [ 22 ]. The authors, thereafter proposed a modified version of the protocols, AODV-M, DSR-M and MPH-M that ensure that whenever the nodes running the detection algorithm detect an attack, the node is isolated and the routing protocols adapt their paths to avoid the isolated nodes.…”

An Untraceable Data Sharing Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…In this way, the packages can be far from the source node and this increases the security of the source node. The performance of some routing algorithms in defending against jamming attack can be found in [18]. Recently, Mahmoud et al [4] proposed a cloud-based source-location-privacy protection scheme.…”