Moving with the military: Race, class, and gender differences in the employment consequences of tied migration

Today's Soldier: Assessing the Needs of Soldiers and Their Families

“…For married soldiers, Work/Life Balance challenges may also include intrusions into spouses' educational opportunities and careers, which can be disrupted by such features of military life as frequent permanent change of station (PCS) moves, international assignments, deployments and other geographic separations, and long work hours, or need to care for wounded spouses (Segal, 1986;Sticha et al, 1999;Drummet, Coleman, and Cable, 2003;Booth, Segal, and Bell, 2007;Castaneda and Harrell, 2008;Cooney, De Angelis, and Segal, 2011;DMDC, 2013;Blue Star Families, 2014;Ramchand et al, 2014;Friedman, Miller, and Evans, 2015; Defense Manpower Data Center and U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy, 2015).…”

Advancing the Careers of Military Spouses: An Assessment of Education and Employment Goals and Barriers Facing Military Spouses Eligible for MyCAA

“…For example, discontinuous work histories limit the amount of work experience an individual can accumulate and may interfere with skill development and on-the-job training, which may dissuade employers from hiring (Cooney, De Angelis, and Segal, 2011). Moreover, those living in high-military labor markets may be disadvantaged in the job market, regardless of work history.…”

“…Historically, the U.S. military population has been nearly all or mostly male, and thus programs aimed at military spouses were very practically aimed at women (Segal, 1986). Still, features of military life appear to affect male spouses' careers as well, as they, too, experience a wage gap relative to the husbands of civilian women (Cooney, De Angelis, and Segal, 2011;Hisnanick and Little, 2014). In addition, one study found that whereas civilian husbands married to military women had better employment outcomes than did civilian wives married to military men, husbands were less satisfied with their outcomes than were wives.…”

“…Research has shown that military spouses tend to have more years of education than their civilian counterparts, yet they are generally less likely to be employed, and those who are employed tend to earn less, due in part to aspects of military life, such as frequent moves that disrupt employment, and depressed labor markets around military bases (Booth, 2003;Booth et al, 2000;Booth, Segal, and Bell, 2007;Cooney, 2003;Cooney, De Angelis, and Segal, 2011;Cooke and Speirs, 2005;Harrell et al, 2004;Heaton and Krull, 2012;Hisnanick and Little, 2014;Kniskern and Segal, 2010;Lim, Golinelli, and Cho, 2007;Little and Hisnanick, 2007).…”

“…In addition, one study found that whereas civilian husbands married to military women had better employment outcomes than did civilian wives married to military men, husbands were less satisfied with their outcomes than were wives. Specifically, the likelihood of a civilian wife being dissatisfied with employment outcomes is about one-third lower than the likelihood of a civilian husband being dissatisfied (Cooney, De Angelis, and Segal, 2011). …”