Moving People to Deliver Services

Abstract

A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is copyrighted. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly.

Services Trade and Policy

“…They argue that increasing international competition on service markets will reduce the "cartel effect"-the markup of price over marginal cost that incumbents are able to charge due 31 See, e.g., Pritchett (2006). Mechanisms that could facilitate agreement to liberalize mode 4 trade are discussed in Mattoo and Carzaniga (2003) and in Mattoo (2005). 32 Quite recently, the European Union implemented regulations designed to extend health insurance coverage across all EU Member States.…”

The political economy of social exclusion, with implications for immigration policy

“…Host countries typically impose a variety of barriers on immigration (Mattoo and Carzaniga, 2003). Some barriers deal with immigration issues such as quantitative restrictions, border controls, work permits (often attached to specific jobs), economic needs tests, wage parity requirements which erode the advantage of hiring foreigners, and more.…”

Let Workers Move

“…There is debate over whether service providers covered by a BLA are actually covered by the GATS and therefore the MFN obligation. According to Mattoo (2003), Carzaniga (2008), and UN (2005), the debate centers on whether natural persons from a sending country employed by a service firm of a receiving country that is not owned or controlled by the firm should be covered by GATS Mode 4.…”

“…Independently of the potential economic distortions this differential treatment based on contractual relationships may create (Mattoo 2003), insofar as workers covered by BLAs are considered employees of the host country, it would seem that they are not "service suppliers" labor protection measures in receiving countries do not meet the Philippines' requirements, the contents of the BLA are very detailed and specific, as in the case of the MOU with Qatar. In contrast, if the receiving country is highly developed and implements a very progressive and proactive policy for labor protection, the focus of the BLAs shifts to recognition requirements.…”

“…Sources: Based on Carzaniga 2008;Mattoo 2003;UN 2005;and WTO 2011. country rather than the negotiated result of a mutually beneficial exchange of interests in light of the principle of shared responsibility.…”