Moving nitrogen to the centre of plant defence against pathogens

Mur, Luis A. J.; Simpson, Catherine; Kumari, Arti; Gupta, Alok; Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis

doi:10.1093/aob/mcw179

Cited by 143 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…However, having a stronger plastic increase in plant N‐content might benefit the widely naturalized species in the field in their introduced range. Nitrogen is required for plant growth (Onoda, Hikosaka, & Hirose, ; Takashima, Hikosaka, & Hirose, ) as well as for defence compounds against herbivores and pathogens (Mur, Simpson, Kumari, Gupta, & Gupta, ; Schultz, Appel, Ferrieri, & Arnold, ). According to the enemy‐release hypothesis (Keane & Crawley, ), most specialist enemies of the alien plant species will be absent from their introduced range, and thus, both widely naturalized and less widely naturalized species should be attacked less in their introduced range than in their native range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen acquisition of Central European herbaceous plants that differ in their global naturalization success

Liu

Kleunen

2019

Functional Ecology

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It is frequently assumed that species capable of fast nitrogen (N) acquisition under different N‐availability conditions should have a higher establishment success after their introduction into new regions. However, few experimental studies have explicitly tested this. Our multispecies experiment tested whether global naturalization success of plant species native to Central Europe is related to a high N‐acquisition ability. We selected 41 common herbaceous species native to Germany that have all become naturalized, and thus been introduced, elsewhere. Twenty‐two of these species are widely naturalized and 19 are less widely naturalized. We grew the 41 grassland species, sampled in Germany, under low and high N‐conditions in a greenhouse experiment, and assessed their N‐acquisition abilities. Although the widely naturalized species grew faster on average, they had a significantly lower N‐uptake rate than the less widely naturalized ones. The widely naturalized species, however, had a marginally significantly higher root‐mass fraction. Despite these differences, the total plant N‐content did on average not differ between the two groups of species. However, N‐addition tended to increase the total plant N‐content more for the widely naturalized species than for the less widely naturalized species. Nitroge addition also increased biomass production and N‐uptake rate, and decreased the root‐mass fraction of plants, but these responses did not differ between widely and less widely naturalized species. We conclude that although fast‐growing species tend to have a higher global naturalization success than slow‐growing species, the naturalization success of plants is not necessarily related to a high N‐acquisition ability. A plain language summary is available for this article.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen acquisition of Central European herbaceous plants that differ in their global naturalization success

Liu

Kleunen

2019

Functional Ecology

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“…Additionally, the FOC number was positively related to the NH 4 + content but negatively related to the NO 3 − content (Figure 6a–d). The N available for pathogen growth comes from plant sources, such as NH 4 + , NO 3 − and amino acids [52]. It was reported that a large number of amino acids, such as glutamine, glutamate, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), can be sufficient to support pathogen growth [28,53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the speculation that the high-NO 3 − -fed plants were more tolerant to FA might be attributed to the increase in the level of defense-associated NO, a signaling molecule that is involved in the kinetics of hypersensitive response (HR) formation [59] and aids the initiation of the SA-dependent gene expression [60]. Additionally, the high-NH 4 + -fed plants that were more susceptible to FA may result from decreased polyamine levels, which are known to increase plant resistance by producing hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [52]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate Increased Cucumber Tolerance to Fusarium Wilt by Regulating Fungal Toxin Production and Distribution

Zhou

Wang

Sun

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Cucumber Fusarium wilt, induced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC), causes severe losses in cucumber yield and quality. Nitrogen (N), as the most important mineral nutrient for plants, plays a critical role in plant–pathogen interactions. Hydroponic assays were conducted to investigate the effects of different N forms (NH4+ vs. NO3‒) and supply levels (low, 1 mM; high, 5 mM) on cucumber Fusarium wilt. The NO3‒-fed cucumber plants were more tolerant to Fusarium wilt compared with NH4+-fed plants, and accompanied by lower leaf temperature after FOC infection. The disease index decreased as the NO3‒ supply increased but increased with the NH4+ level supplied. Although the FOC grew better under high NO3− in vitro, FOC colonization and fusaric acid (FA) production decreased in cucumber plants under high NO3− supply, associated with lower leaf membrane injury. There was a positive correlation between the FA content and the FOC number or relative membrane injury. After the exogenous application of FA, less FA accumulated in the leaves under NO3− feeding, accompanied with a lower leaf membrane injury. In conclusion, higher NO3− supply protected cucumber plants against Fusarium wilt by suppressing FOC colonization and FA production in plants, and increasing the plant tolerance to FA.

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“…Emissions reductions of SO 2 and NO x have caused deposition of SO 4 2− and NO 3 − to decline considerably across most of the U.S. (Vet et al, 2014), even in remote mountain regions (Heard et al, 2014), while increased production of NH 3 from agriculture and vehicles has caused an increase in chemically-reduced forms of N deposition (Thiruvengadam et al, 2016). Moreover, while the effects of N deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are well known, these broad patterns are complicated by growing evidence that reduced forms of N cause more severe ecosystem responses than oxidized N forms (Dias et al, 2014;Glibert, 2010;Kleijn et al, 2008;Mur et al, 2017;Stevens et al, 2011;Van den Berg et al, 2005Verhoeven et al, 2011). These differential effects depending on N form may grow in importance as the proportion of N deposition in reduced forms continues to increase.…”

Section: Environmental and Ecological Implications Of Urban And On-romentioning

confidence: 99%

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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H I G H L I G H T S• This study documents the increasing importance of on-road emissions of NH 3.• NO x emissions control mechanisms frequently result in NH 3 production and emissions.• NH 3 is an important driver of N deposition in urban-affected areas and near roadways.• NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratios in urban deposition are indicative of elevated NH 3 emissions.• On-road NH 3 emissions exceed agricultural emissions where 40% of the U.S. resides. We provide updated spatial distribution and inventory data for on-road NH 3 emissions for the continental United States (U.S.) On-road NH 3 emissions were determined from on-road CO 2 emissions data and empirical NH 3 :CO 2 vehicle emissions ratios. Emissions of NH 3 from on-road sources in urbanized regions are typically 0.1-1.3 t km −2 yr −1 while NH 3 emissions in agricultural regions generally range from 0.4-5.5 t km G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o, with a few hotspots as high as 5.5-11.2 t km −2 yr −1. Counties with higher vehicle NH 3 emissions than from agriculture include 40% of the U.S. population. The amount of wet inorganic N deposition as NH 4 + from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) network ranged from 37 to 83% with a mean of 58.7%. Only 4% of the NADP sites across the U.S. had b45% of the N deposition as NH 4 + based on data from 2014 to 2016, illustrating the near-universal elevated proportions of NH 4 + in deposition across the U.S. Case studies of on-road NH 3 emissions in relation to N deposition include four urban sites in Oregon and Washington where the average NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio in bulk deposition was 2.3. At urban sites in the greater Los Angeles Basin, bulk deposition of NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N were equivalent, while NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N in throughfall under shrubs ranged from 0.6 to 1.7. The NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio at 7-10 sites in the Lake Tahoe Basin averaged 1.4 and 1.6 in bulk deposition and throughfall, and deposition of NH 4 -N was strongly correlated with summertime NH 3 concentrations. On-road

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Moving nitrogen to the centre of plant defence against pathogens

Cited by 143 publications

References 85 publications

Nitrogen acquisition of Central European herbaceous plants that differ in their global naturalization success

Nitrogen acquisition of Central European herbaceous plants that differ in their global naturalization success

Nitrate Increased Cucumber Tolerance to Fusarium Wilt by Regulating Fungal Toxin Production and Distribution

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

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