Moving intruder out of noncohesive and cohesive granular assemblies

Linking dynamics between anchors and granular materials

“…In order to highlight the uplifting mechanism of the anchor and the dynamic linking between the circular plate intruder and granular materials inside the frustum during the pullout process, the drag force F d is considered. As defined in our previous paper [11], the drag force F d is obtained by quantifying all contact forces between the anchor and the grains in the vicinity of the anchor. Figure 3 shows the evolution of the drag force acting on the anchor as a function of normalized uplifting time t/t p for a given value of the prescribed pullout force P = 0.25N, where t p is the time of a particle with its diameter d free walls down a distance d under the action of the gravity.…”

“…1. These two forces were specifically introduced in our previous paper [11]. As clearly stated in our previous paper [11] and re-shown in Fig.…”

“…Actually, the moving speed of the anchor can be changed depending on the uplifting height, anchor size, and the conditions of granular materials. Recently, we reported the uplifting movement properties of the intruder in both cohesive and noncohesive granular materials and the responses of these granular packings due to collision with the intruder in different embedment depths and pullout forces [11].…”

“…These two forces were specifically introduced in our previous paper [11]. As clearly stated in our previous paper [11] and re-shown in Fig. 2, we considered a hypothetic case of the pullout process of the circular plate intruder embedded within the packing of dry granular materials by means of the discrete particle simulations.…”

“…The preparation of the numerical model involves four distinct stages: (1) an isotropically compressed assembly of 65,000 spherical grains is formed inside a box with its height H ≈ 38 d and width W ≈ 45 d , where d denotes the mean particle diameter; (2) a circular plate anchor with the size D ≈ 5 d is created outside by gluing spherical grains, this choice leads to the distance from the intruder's edge to all lateral surfaces of the packing is about 20 × d , then inserted into the granular assembly 1289 (2023) 012090 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012090 4 at an embedment depth (0.6 × H); (3) a dense packing of granular materials is obtained by activating the gravity of all grains; and (4) the circular plate anchor is pulled out of the granular packing by applying a prescribed vertical force P . The choice of the values of the parameters above allows the balance between the computational cost of the model and the physical and mechanical mechanism in reality [2,11]. Table 1 lists some of the principal parameters used in this current work.…”