Movement sequencing in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Fundamental Movement Skills in Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

“…Although Harvey et al (2008) indicated no significant effect of medication on the movement skill patterns of children with ADHD, they emphasized the results must be interpreted with caution due to small sample size. The effects of stimulant medication on the movement behavior of children with ADHD have been reported in the literature including improved fine motor skills (Flapper et al 2006) and reaction times (Sheppard et al 2000), improved performance on lower extremity response time performance (Pedersen et al 2004), and improved cognitive attention (Hood et al 2005). It would have been preferable to have a sample of children who were not on medication, but this personal intrusion would have influences on other aspects of their daily routine.…”

Utilisation of Advance Motor Information is Impaired in Friedreich Ataxia

“…The entire pathway was illuminated at the commencement of the trial and systematically reduced according to three levels of reduction of advance information [24,26]. The first condition involved no reduction in external cues: The next illuminated button was extinguished as the current button was released.…”

“…The second task examined participants' capacity to utilise information about target position presented in total prior to initiation of movement and then attenuated under three conditions of low, moderate or high reduction in advance information (reduction in advance information). Both tasks provide information about capacity to utilise advance information to prepare and execute movement and have previously been employed in studies of Parkinson's disease [23], Huntington's disease [24], schizophrenia [25], Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [26,27]. Collectively, results from these studies have led the authors to propose that the basal ganglia and their interconnections with the thalamocortical areas are key structures involved in planning and executing movement sequences online [23,27], with relatively little if any reference to the possible role of the cerebellum.…”

Pathophysiology of tics and Tourette syndrome

“…Because basal ganglia have been implicated in control of internal switching mechanisms, the longer time needed by patients with TS to plan and program each submovement of a motor sequence in the absence of visual cues may reflect an underlying basal ganglia dysfunction. In a further study, Sheppard et al [42] studied movement preparation and execution during the performance of movement sequencing, varying the level of advance information in patients with TS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The performance of movement sequencing without advance information was characterized by abnormalities of movement preparation.…”