“…For direct approaches, we followed Bowler and Benton's () definition of dispersal as any movement of an individual between habitat patches, irrespective of the distance between them or their underlying causes (e.g., feeding, escape, exploration, reproduction). Although we decided to exclude studies that explicitly focused on migration, we included several studies that reported seasonal variation in movement patterns (e.g., Honda, Kagiwada, Takahashi, & Miyashita, ; Trested, Chan, Bridges, & Isely, ; Walker, Adams, & Adams, ), although the specific reasons were often unclear. We first characterized direct dispersal estimates using the values most commonly reported in the articles, that is, mean dispersal distance between consecutive relocations of all relocalized individuals and maximum dispersal distance of one individual between two consecutive relocations.…”