Movement pathways and market chains of large ruminants in the Greater Mekong Sub-region

Polly, Polly; Lüthi, Nancy Bourgeois; Huachun, Li; Oo, Kyaw Naing; Phonvisay, Aloun; Premashthira, Sith; Abila, Ronello; Widders, P. R.; Kukreja, Karan; Miller, Corissa

doi:10.20506/standz.2782

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Such correlations would not be captured by spatial adjacency and are better captured by phylogeographic connectivity. Indeed, high adjusted rates were inferred from the Northeast to the South-Central Coast in the phylogeographic analysis ( Figure 2 A), which is consistent with general patterns of movement of ruminant livestock described for the region [ 17 ]. This also aligns well with spatial hotspots of FMD outbreaks previously identified in the Northwest, Northeast, and Red River Delta agroecological zones by a spatial clustering analysis [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In parallel to that study, we also found that Vietnam was likely to be the origin of viral movements into China, rather than the recipient of viral introductions from China. Although these results could be affected by minimal data availability from China, it is consistent with the general directionality of movement of ruminant livestock from SEA northward into China [ 17 ]. This directional movement may contribute to the protective effect of inferred viral movements with China in our risk model, as the risk model accounted for the directionality of viral movements between Vietnam and other countries ( Table 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Both livestock and meat products are transported across borders following a system where supply meets the highest demand. There is evidence that livestock move across Vietnam to Thailand via surrounding countries [ 16 ] and more recent documentation of livestock movement towards China from Lao PDR, Thailand, and Vietnam [ 17 ]. Vietnam is a hub for animal movements in the SEA region and cannot be considered as a separate entity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeography as a Proxy for Population Connectivity for Spatial Modeling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Vietnam

Gunasekara

Bertram

Long

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Bayesian space–time regression models are helpful tools to describe and predict the distribution of infectious disease outbreaks and to delineate high-risk areas for disease control. In these models, structured and unstructured spatial and temporal effects account for various forms of non-independence amongst case counts across spatial units. Structured spatial effects capture correlations in case counts amongst neighboring provinces arising from shared risk factors or population connectivity. For highly mobile populations, spatial adjacency is an imperfect measure of connectivity due to long-distance movement, but we often lack data on host movements. Phylogeographic models inferring routes of viral dissemination across a region could serve as a proxy for patterns of population connectivity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the effects of population connectivity in space–time regressions of case counts were better captured by spatial adjacency or by inferences from phylogeographic analyses. To compare these two approaches, we used foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreak data from across Vietnam as an example. We identified that accounting for virus movement through phylogeographic analysis serves as a better proxy for population connectivity than spatial adjacency in spatial–temporal risk models. This approach may contribute to design surveillance activities in countries lacking movement data.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeography as a Proxy for Population Connectivity for Spatial Modeling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Vietnam

Gunasekara

Bertram

Long

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…Exports from Thailand to Laos are mostly higher than those from Laos to Thailand (Supatn, 2012). Among livestock-related merchandises, pigs and pork have been exported from Thailand to Laos because the domestic production in Laos is insufficient for the increasing demand (Polly et al, 2009). In Laos, fattened pigs are usually grown from piglets imported from Thailand by either commercial-pig producing companies or individual traders (Polly et al, 2009).…”

Section: List Of Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among livestock-related merchandises, pigs and pork have been exported from Thailand to Laos because the domestic production in Laos is insufficient for the increasing demand (Polly et al, 2009). In Laos, fattened pigs are usually grown from piglets imported from Thailand by either commercial-pig producing companies or individual traders (Polly et al, 2009). Live pigs including piglets and fattening pigs are usually exported from Thailand to Laos due to the higher price at Laos.…”

Section: List Of Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characteristics of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Salmonella enterica isolated from pig production and humans in NortheasternThailand and Thailand-Laos border area

Sinwat

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In this study, we aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in the Salmonella isolates from pig production and humans in Northeastern provinces of Thailand and Thailand-Laos border provinces. This study comprises three projects. Project 1 demonstrated high prevalence and molecular characteristics of multidrug resistant Salmonella in pigs, pork and humans in Thailand-Laos provinces. A total of 1,187 samples were collected from pigs, pig carcasses and workers in slaughterhouses; pork and butchers in retail markets and patients in hospitals in the provinces with cross border points including NongKhai, Ubon Ratchathani, Mukdahan of Thailand and Vientiane and Savannakhet in Laos during 2013-2014. Among these samples, 469 samples (39.5%) were positive to Salmonella enterica. The predominant serovars in Thailand provinces were S. Typhimurium (32.9%) and S. Rissen (20.3%). In Laos isolates, the predominant serovars were S. Anatum (24.1%) and S. Typhimurium (20.5%). Most isolates (98.2%) were multidrug resistance (MDR). Class 1 integrons carrying dfrA12-aadA2 gene cassette array were most commonly observed (19.2%). The presence of qnrB, qnrS and aac(6’)-Ib-cr was identified in 0.9%, 6.4%, 0.2% of the isolates, respectively. ESBL-producing Salmonella strains carrying blaCTX-M14 (2.4%) were identified in pig samples from Mukdahan province, Thailand. Project 2 described characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from pork, chicken meat and humans in Northeastern Thailand. A total of 221 Salmonella isolates obtained from humans, raw pork and raw chicken in five Northeastern provinces of Thailand (Kalasin, Khon Kean, Loei, Nong Khai, Roi Et) during 2010-2011 were used in this project. The predominant serovars were S. Rissen (15.8%) and S. Anatum (14.9%). Most isolates (95.9%) were MDR. The dfrA12-aadA2 gene cassette array was commonly identified in the isolates from Northeastern region (40%). SGI-1 like gene cluster was observed in a serovar Anatum from pork. Single amino acid substitutions at position Ser 83 and Asp 87 in GyrA were most commonly observed in ciprofloxacin-resistant strains (1.8%). Of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, only qnrB and qnrS genes were detected in 1.8% and 4% of all Salmonella isolates, respectively. The presence of spvC, pefA and rck was identified in 8.1%, 1.8% and 1.4% in the isolates, respectively. Project 3 described mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV genes in nalidixic–acid resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from chicken meat, pork and humans. Twenty-eight nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates originated from chicken meat, pork and humans were examined for mutation in the quinolone determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes. Four single-point mutations in gyrA (i.e. C248A, C248T, G259T, G259A) leading to amino acid substitutions Ser83Tyr, Ser83Phe, Asp87Tyr and Asp87Asn in GyrA, respectively, were identified in 11 nalidixic acid-resistant strains. Amino acid change at position Ser83 was most frequently identified (28.5%). No mutations were observed in gyrB, parC and parE. Overall, our findings demonstrated the high prevalence of MDR Salmonella in humans, food-producing animals and their products in Thailand and Laos provinces. The circulation of their resistance determinants was highlighted in this study. The results indicate the need continuing antimicrobial resistance monitoring at nation, regional and global levels.

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Movement pathways and market chains of large ruminants in the Greater Mekong Sub-region

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

Phylogeography as a Proxy for Population Connectivity for Spatial Modeling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Vietnam

Phylogeography as a Proxy for Population Connectivity for Spatial Modeling of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Vietnam

Molecular characteristics of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Salmonella enterica isolated from pig production and humans in NortheasternThailand and Thailand-Laos border area

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