Movement of viruses after artificial recharge

Jansons, J.; Edmonds, Lindsay W.; Speight, Brent; Bucens, Marion R.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(89)90094-8

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Fewer studies have been undertaken on microbial removal in vadose zones compared with microbial removal in soils and groundwater. Many of the studies performed involving vadose zone media relate to wastewater or sewage effluent infiltration basins (Anders and Chrysikopoulos, 2005; Carre and Dufils, 1991; Ho et al, 1992; Jansons et al, 1989; Powelson et al, 1993; Vaughn et al, 1981). Infiltration experiments through vadose zones using tracer solutions (Frazier et al, 2002; Gerba et al, 1991; McKay et al, 1999), septic tank effluent (Pang et al, 2001; Sinton, 1986), and animal effluent (Krapac et al, 2002) are also reported.…”

Section: Vadose Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Removal Rates in Subsurface Media Estimated From Published Studies of Field Experiments and Large Intact Soil Cores

2009

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Information about the microbial removal efficiencies of subsurface media is essential for assessing the risk of water contamination, estimating setback distances between disposal fields and receiving waters, and selecting suitable sites for wastewater reclamation. By analyzing published data from field experiments and large intact soil cores, an extensive database of microbial removal rates was established for a wide range of subsurface media. High microbial removal rates were found in volcanic soils, pumice sand, fine sand, and highly weathered aquifer rocks. Low removal rates were found in structured clayey soils, stony soils, coarse gravel aquifers, fractured rocks, and karst limestones. Removal rates were lower for enteroviruses than for other human viruses; for MS2 phage than for other phage species; for waste-associated microbes than for those cultivated in the laboratory; and for contaminated media than for uncontaminated media. Microbial removal rates are inversely correlated with infiltration rates and transport velocity. The assumption of first-order law, or a constant removal rate (when the transport scale reaches a representative elementary volume), is appropriate for most of field data analyzed. However 30% of the datasets (26 out of 87 pairs) are better described with the power law, implying reduced removal rates with transport distance. The latter is most prominent for organically contaminated media, especially in relatively fine aquifer media. The presence of organic matter, heterogeneity in microbial properties, change in solution chemistry, detachment, and physical straining, may have caused the discrepancies from the first-order law traditionally used in transport models for describing microbial removal.

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Section: Vadose Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Removal Rates in Subsurface Media Estimated From Published Studies of Field Experiments and Large Intact Soil Cores

2009

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“…In Germany and the Netherlands, the travel time requirements for bank filtration or groundwater recharge are 50 and 70 days, respectively. Travel time criterion is used from a regulatory standpoint for virus survival, and no disinfection is required in Germany or the Netherlands when these travel time criteria are met (Azadpour-Keely et al, 2003;Jansons et al, 1989). The travel time criteria for virus survival also might be suitable for the removal of trace organics and complement the use of DOC as a surrogate in a microbially active subsurface environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Area and Travel Time Relationships in Aquifer Treatment Systems

Fox¹,

Makam

2009

Water Environment Research

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Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) and bank filtration use natural attenuation processes to purify water for subsequent use. Soil aquifer treatment may constitute both unsaturated and saturated flow conditions, while bank filtration systems are primarily saturated flow. This analysis focuses on the saturated zone, where the majority of residence time occurs, in both SAT and bank filtration systems. Sustainable removal mechanisms during subsurface flow are primarily surface‐mediated and therefore depend on surface area. By analyzing saturated subsurface flow hydraulics in granular media, a relationship between surface area and travel time was developed. For saturated subsurface flow, the ratio of surface area‐to‐travel time varied by approximately a factor of 3, for common aquifer materials subject to identical hydraulic gradients. Because travel time criteria often are used to regulate SAT and bank filtration systems, these criteria also may determine the surface area and associated surface‐mediated reactions for water purification. The ratio of surface area‐to‐travel time increases with increasing hydraulic gradient, implying that surface area is relatively constant for specific travel times, even if the hydraulic gradient changes; however, the increasing hydraulic gradient will increase the distance from the recharge zone to the recovery well. Therefore, travel time assessments based on maximum possible hydraulic gradients increase surface area and could provide a conservative limit for surface‐mediated reactions. This analysis demonstrates that travel time criteria for SAT and bank filtration systems indirectly provide a minimum surface area that may support sustainable removal mechanisms.

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“…A study by Jansons et al. (1989) showed that there was considerable variation in the removal of different enteric viruses in soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cell-adapted Adenovirus 40 and 41 (ATCC VR931 and VR930, respectively) were evaluated but did not produce high enough titres to compensate for the losses associated with separation of virions from the culture medium and still achieve 10 5 virions in each microcosm. A study by Jansons et al (1989) showed that there was considerable variation in the removal of different enteric viruses in soil. Seeded vaccine strain poliovirus was shown to adsorb strongly to the soil, with a 40-fold reduction in the first 0AE5 m of travel through the soil, and no penetration beyond 1AE5 m. In contrast, viruses such as echoviruses, Coxsackievirus, adenoviruses penetrated 3 m into the soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil inactivation of DNA viruses in septic seepage

Davies¹,

Logan²,

Rothwell³

et al. 2006

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims: To generate field‐relevant inactivation data for incorporation into models to predict the likelihood of viral contamination of surface waters by septic seepage. Methods and Results: Inactivation rates were determined for PRD1 bacteriophage and Adenovirus 2 in two catchment soils under a range of temperature, moisture and biotic status regimes. Inactivation rates presented for both viruses were significantly different at different temperatures and in different soil types (α = 0·05). Soil moisture generally did not significantly affect virus inactivation rate. Biotic status significantly affected inactivation rates of PRD1 in the loam soil but not the clay‐loam soil. Adenovirus 2 was inactivated more rapidly in the loam soil than PRD1 bacteriophage. Conclusions: Virus inactivation rates incorporated into models should be appropriate for the climate/catchment in question with particular regard to soil type and temperature. Given that PRD1 is similar in size to adenoviruses, yet more conservative with regard to inactivation in soil, it may be a useful surrogate in studies of Adenovirus fate and transport. Significance and Impact of the Study: A better understanding of the factors that govern virus fate and transport in catchments would facilitate the design of barrier measures to prevent viral contamination of surface waters by septic seepage.

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Movement of viruses after artificial recharge

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

Microbial Removal Rates in Subsurface Media Estimated From Published Studies of Field Experiments and Large Intact Soil Cores

Microbial Removal Rates in Subsurface Media Estimated From Published Studies of Field Experiments and Large Intact Soil Cores

Surface Area and Travel Time Relationships in Aquifer Treatment Systems

Soil inactivation of DNA viruses in septic seepage

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