Movement of pendimethalin, ioxynil and soil particles to field drainage tiles

Abstract

Knowledge of the movement of herbicides and soil particles to sub-surface tile drainage may help to predict chemical leaching to surface waters and deeper groundwater systems. The movement of pendimethalin (2 years), ioxynil (1 year) and soil particles (3 years) to two tile drains was investigated on a sandy loam soil under natural weather conditions. Herbicide and particle concentrations in the drain water showed a very dynamic pattern. The largest herbicide concentrations were detected during the first tile drain flow events after application. Very little herbicide was lost with drain water later than 2 months after application. The turbidity, reflecting concentrations of soil particles, correlated positively and strongly with the pendimethalin concentration and negatively with the rate of drain water discharge, whereas it was uncorrelated with the ioxynil concentration. Peak turbidity values occurred during or shortly after rainfall events, either in break of frost situations, or on unfrozen soil coinciding with the occurrence of peak moisture contents in the topsoil well (3-7%) above field capacity. On average, 0.0013% of the applied pendimethalin and 0.0015% of the applied ioxynil were lost with drain water. The results suggest that preferential flow promotes the movement of all three substances to the tile drains but indicate somewhat different transport mechanisms for the two herbicides.

The influence of land use on the concentration and vertical distribution of PBDEs in soils of an e-waste recycling region of South China

“…Thus, the transfer of BDE-209 to deep soil layers depends mostly on the transport associated with fine particulates and colloids via a preferential flow mechanism. A number of studies (McGechan and Lewis, 2002;Petersen et al, 2003;de Jonge et al, 2004;McCarthy and McKay, 2004) have shown that soil particulates and colloids can facilitate the transports of various contaminants, including atrazine (Laird et al, 1994) and phenanthrene (Magee et al, 1991), via a preferential flow phenomenon. The high irrigation frequency in paddy and peanut fields may also enhance the leaching of PBDEs via preferential flow.…”

Soil Drainage as an Active Agent of Recent Soil Evolution: A Review

“…Subsequently, both the drainflow and its particulate matter (PM) concentrations rapidly declined with time. This very rapid increase in discharge and particle concentrations followed by a similar rapid decline was usually interpreted as a result of preferential flows through soil macroporosity (Kumar et al, 1997; Lenmartz et al, 1999;Kohler et al, 2003;Köhne and Gerke, 2005).Importantly, soil losses at the drainage network outlet have been observed for soils of various textures ranging from sandy loam to clay Turtola and Paajanen, 1995;Grant et al, 1996;Grazhdani et al, 1996;Koskiaho et al, 2002;Petersen et al, 2002); even for very flat lands with a mean slope of less than 1% Djodjic et al, 2000).Consequently, particle losses appear as a very common phenomenon that affects most drained soils. They are quantitavely often smaller than those due to erosion processes (Table III) observed a fourfold increase in particle yields since the 1960s which was thought to be linked to land drainage.…”

“…During the last decade, more attention has been paid to the quality of drainage water, which has a great influence on stream water quality (Penven and Muxart, 1995;Kronvang et al, 1997). Most of these studies have focused on nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides losses through drainage water (Belamie and Vollat, 1986;Grant et al, 1996;Simard et al, 2000;Villholth et al, 2000;Zehe and Flühler, 2001;Petersen et al, 2002;Novak et al, 2003). As phosphorus and pesticides are often bound to particulate matter, sediment losses have also been monitored Bottcher et al, 1981;Øygarden et al, 1997;Petersen et al, 2002;Novak et al, 2003).…”

“…Most of these studies have focused on nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides losses through drainage water (Belamie and Vollat, 1986;Grant et al, 1996;Simard et al, 2000;Villholth et al, 2000;Zehe and Flühler, 2001;Petersen et al, 2002;Novak et al, 2003). As phosphorus and pesticides are often bound to particulate matter, sediment losses have also been monitored Bottcher et al, 1981;Øygarden et al, 1997;Petersen et al, 2002;Novak et al, 2003). Conversely, very few studies have been performed on the impact of drainage on soil evolution except those, mostly qualitative, of Kapilevich et al (1991) and Hayes et al (2000).…”

Determinación De La Concentración De Glifosato en Agua Mediante La Técnica De Inmunoabsorción Ligada a Enzimas (Elisa)

“…Estudios de lixiviación y escurrimiento indican que el glifosato puede ser transportado hacia las capas profundas del suelo debido al flujo preferencial por macroporos o hacia cursos de agua superficiales cuando su aplicación se realiza en momentos anteriores a lluvias intensas (Flury 1996, Villholth et al 2000, Jaynes et al 2001, Elliot et al 2002, Petersen et al 2002. En Argentina, la Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos de la Nación publicó en el año 2003, los niveles guía nacionales de calidad de agua ambiente correspondientes a glifosato.…”