Movement of Applied Potassium in Soils

Munson, Robert D.; Nelson, W. L.

doi:10.1021/jf60127a015

Cited by 49 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Potassium deficiency is a potential problem on coarse sandy soils due to low cation exchange capacity (CEC) and substantial leaching losses. Leaching losses of K vary with soil texture (Munson & Nelson 1963), Ex-K (Askegaard et al 2003) and drainage (Johnston & Goulding 1992;Simmelsgaard 1996;Alfaro et al 2003) (Table 1). Losses of up to 50 kg K ha 21 yr 21 have been reported in the temperate zone.…”

Section: Leaching Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical aspects of potassium management in agricultural systems

Öborn¹,

Andrist‐Rangel²,

Askegaard³

et al. 2005

soil use manage

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Fertilizer and manure application rate and timing are often based on the optimal nitrogen rate and not on potassium (K) requirements. This can lead to excess or shortage of K depending on the crop and rotation. In grass-dominated agricultural production, including many organic farming systems, K has become a critical element, especially in areas dominated by coarse-textured or organic soils. In this paper we review K management in relation to long-term sustainability of both the soil resource and the production of crops of high yield and quality. One question for the future is whether we can adopt management options that favour efficient use of K and secure a sustainable future for global K reserves. For example, is it possible to enhance the release rate of K from soil mineral sources so that we require less fertilizer K from K-bearing salt deposits? A reduction in external K inputs requires improved on-farm recycling of K in order to reduce losses. We also need a better understanding of soil processes and soil -plant interactions and decision-support tools to predict the potential K release from mineral weathering. Certain areas dominated by young, clay-rich soils can potentially supply enough K, whereas other areas with coarse sandy or organic soils have a very low weathering potential and would thus need external inputs of K.

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Section: Leaching Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical aspects of potassium management in agricultural systems

Öborn¹,

Andrist‐Rangel²,

Askegaard³

et al. 2005

soil use manage

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“…The NO 3 -N ions are not adsorbed on an exchangeable complex and move freely with percolating water, leading to an increase in the NO 3 -N concentration in the lower soil depths. Sharma et al (1985) and Gupta et al (2000) also reported the movement of fertilizer N in the form of NO 3 -N. The accumulation of NO 3 -N at lower soil depths can be attributed to the movement of higher concentrations of applied N along with percolating water, as the experimental soil is sandy loam and the proportion of smaller pores is comparatively low, increasing the mobility of NO 3 ions in the soil with a given amount of fertilizer (Munson and Nelson, 1963;Sharma and Singh, 1982).…”

Section: Mineral N (Nh 4 -N + No 3 -N)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Movement of nitrogen in a sandy loam soil under a continuous maize-wheat cropping system

Setia

Sharma

Verma

2006

Acta Agronomica Hungarica

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Nitrogen (N) movement in the soil resulting from the long-term application of fertilizer N is an environmental concern when it reaches the groundwater. The distribution of N in the profile of an alkaline sandy loam soil (Typic Haplustept) and its relationship with N uptake by plants was studied after 22 years of continuous cultivation in an annual crop rotation involving maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil samples were collected to a depth of 1.2 m from the 0-0. 15, 0.15-0.30, 0.30-0.45, 0.45-0.60, 0.60-0.90 and 0.90-1.20 m layers and analysed for alkaline KMnO 4 -oxidisable N (available N) and mineral N . The continuous addition of increasing levels of N resulted in an increase in N content, whereas the combined application of N, P and K caused a decline in its availability. Mineral N (2 M KCl-extractable NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N) was the lowest in the N 120 P 35 K 33.2 treatment plot. The available N and NH 4 -N decreased with increasing soil depth. However, variations in NO 3 -N concentration due to differential rates of fertilizer application were observed only to a depth of 0.45 m. This effect was more pronounced in the N 180 P 17.5 K 33.2 plot. Regression equations were used to predict N uptake by wheat using the N status in different soil layers as independent variables. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the predictability of the relationship between N uptake and available N improved considerably when its status to a soil depth of 0.45 m was included. In the case of NH 4 -N, a noticeable increase in the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) occurred to a depth of 0.90 m. The R 2 value of NO 3 -N with the N uptake by wheat was quite low in the top layers (to a depth of 0.30 m). However, an increase in the R 2 value was observed when lower depths (beyond 0.30 m) were included in the regression analysis, suggesting that the inclusion of subsoil N status is important to achieve better and profitable N supply systems in crop production.Key words: soil depth, available and mineral N, fertilizer addition, N uptake IntroductionNitrogen (N) is a major plant nutrient required for high yields of most agricultural crops. However, the management of nitrogenous fertilizer for crop production remains a difficult task due to the numerous transformation and loss R. K. SETIA et al.Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 54, 2006 488 mechanisms, such as NH 3 volatilization, nitrification following denitrification, chemical and microbial fixation, leaching and runoff (Hussain et al., 2003). Even N applied on the soil surface becomes distributed within the soil profile with subsequent irrigations (Asadi et al., 2002). The nitrate form of N (NO 3 -N) is water-soluble and susceptible to transport to the groundwater, causing the degradation of aquifer water quality in the soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains (Singh et al., 1995a). The rise in the NO 3 -N concentration in the groundwater of Punjab with the increased use of fertilizer was also reported by Singh et al. (1991). On the other hand, some part of the ammoni...

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“…(15). The leaching of K is of considerable magnitude in many sandy Atlantic Coastal Plain soils (36). Three main factors that influence the magnitude of K leaching are K absorption by plants, the reduction in the volume of soil water by transpiration, and the composition of fertilizer materials and soils (37).…”

Section: Distribution Of Forms Of K In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Less leaching of K occurred at pH 6.0 to 6.5 due to enhanced substitution of K for Ca than for Al which is more abundant at low pH. Leaching of soil K was observed to vary inversely with quantities of organic matter and clay (36). * Several investigations have been conducted to determine the relationship of crop uptake and rate of K application to leaching of K in Coastal Plain soils.…”

Section: Distribution Of Forms Of K In Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry of soil potassium in Atlantic coastal plain soils: A review

Sparks

1980

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

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Literature dealing with general properties of soil K and with K relationships in Atlantic Coastal Plain Soils was discussed.Potassium, among major and secondary nutrient elements, is the most abundant in soils. It, among mineral cations required by plants, is largest in non-hydrated size. Potassium has a polarizability equal to .88 Å 3 and a low hydration energy of 34 kcal g -1 ion -1 . The major K forms in soils are water soluble, exchangeable, nonexchangeable, and mineral. Various dynamic interrelationships exist between these forms with the reaction kinetics between the various phases determining the fate of applied K.Many Atlantic Coastal Plain soils contain high levels of total K. Most of the total K in these soils is contained in mineral forms such as micas and K-feldspars. These K forms are slowly released to solution and exchangeable forms that are available to plants. Many researchers have noted a lack of crop response to K fertilization on Atlantic Coastal Plain soils. This lack of response has been ascribed to the high indigenous levels 435

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Movement of Applied Potassium in Soils

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

Critical aspects of potassium management in agricultural systems

Critical aspects of potassium management in agricultural systems

Movement of nitrogen in a sandy loam soil under a continuous maize-wheat cropping system

Chemistry of soil potassium in Atlantic coastal plain soils: A review

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