Movement and Fate of 2,4-D in Urban Soils: A Potential Environmental Health Concern

Abstract

The fate and movement of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), in terms of sorption–desorption and leaching potential, were evaluated in urban soils following the batch experimental method. The sorption kinetics of 2,4-D in soils followed both “fast” and “slow” sorption processes that could be well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model, suggesting that 2,4-D was partitioned into soil organic matter and clay surfaces, and eventually diffused into soil micropores. The sorption isotherms were linear, following both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Partially decomposed or undecomposed organic matter present in urban soils decreased sorption and increased desorption of 2,4-D. Also, sorption of 2,4-D increased with an increase in the contents of clay and Al and Fe oxides, whereas sand and alkaline pH increased the desorption process. The lower calculated K d values suggest that 2,4-D is highly mobile in urban soils than in agricultural soils. The calculated values of groundwater ubiquity score, leachability index, and hysteresis index indicated that the herbicide is highly prone to leach out from surface soil to groundwater which might affect the quality of potable water. The present study clearly suggests that 2,4-D must be judiciously applied in the urban areas in order to minimize the potential health and environmental risks.

Effect of Cation Sorption on 2,4-D Mobility of Herbicidal Ionic Liquids in Agricultural Soil Combined with Diversity of the Bacterial Community

“…The Langmuir model is where q e is the concentration of cations or anions adsorbed on the soil per unit mass calculated using the following formula: where c 0 is the initial concentration of cation or anion (mg/L), c e is the equilibrium concentration of cation or anion (mg/L) in the solution, V is the volume of the solution (L), m is the mass of the sorbent (kg), and q max (mg/kg) and b (L/mg) are the maximum amounts of cation or anion per unit mass of sorbent to form a complete monolayer on the surface at c e . q max and b can be determined from the slope and intercept of the linear plot of c e / q e versus c e .…”

Kinetic and isotherm studies on the adsorption–desorption of technical-grade endosulfan in loamy soils under Theobroma cacao L cultivation, Southwestern Nigeria

“…[25][26][27] There are numerous reports available on the reaction of pesticides (carbamates, organophosphates, organochlorines) with soil. 6,21,28,29 Other hydrophobic organics, like PAHs, 16,30 and herbicides, like atrazine, acetochlor, and phenoxyalkanoic acids, [31][32][33] have been reported. Kumar and Philip, 6 Atasoy et al, 18 and Qian et al 34 studied the behaviour of endosulfan in four Indian soils: vertisol soils under cotton in a southeast region of Turkey and two typical agricultural soils (latosol and lateritic red soil) in Southwest China, respectively.…”

Evaluación de la movilidad del ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en suelos ándicos del departamento del Cauca, Colombia

“…Las propiedades del suelo, como el contenido de carbono orgánico, el pH, la textura, la composición mineralógica y la estructura, así como el uso y la gestión del suelo (aplicación de plaguicidas, tiempo y labranza), el clima de la zona, el subsuelo y las propiedades del plaguicida, tienen un papel decisivo en el potencial de lixiviación de los herbicidas (Islam et al 2018;Meftaul et al 2020); por ejemplo, la materia orgánica y las arcillas pueden incrementar la capacidad de retención de plaguicidas y extender el tiempo de contacto, para que los procesos, que llevan a la degradación de los contaminantes, permitan la reducción de la contaminación del recurso hídrico (Góngora- El propósito de esta investigación fue aportar información sobre el comportamiento del herbicida ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en suelos ándicos de montaña y su relación con las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo en la movilidad del herbicida, en un montaje experimental de columnas de suelo no alterado.…”