Mouth level smoke exposure using analysis of filters from smoked cigarettes: A study of eight countries

Mariner, Derek; Ashley, Madeleine; Shepperd, Christopher J.; Mullard, Gavin; Dixon, M

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.05.006

Cited by 40 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The data suggest that the use of tobacco additives in American blend cigarettes does not lead to a consistent increase in smoking intensity. A similar conclusion was derived from a mouth level exposure study in eight countries (494). Differences in mouth exposure levels of "tar" and nicotine between American blend and Virginia cigarette smokers could mostly be explained by differences in the ISO smoke yields.…”

Section: Biomonitoring Studies In Smokers Consuming American Blend CIsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Some indirect evidence, however, can be deduced from biomarker studies with additive free Virginia and cased and flavored American blend cigarettes. Suitable data for comparison are available from a recent series of papers published by the Research and Development Group of Britisch American Tobacco (494)(495)(496). In two studies, "mouth level exposure" and biomarkers of exposure of selected smoke constituents were determined in similarly designed studies in Germany where primarily American blend cigarettes are smoked (495), and Canada where mainly Virginia cigarettes are consumed (496 Table 1.…”

Section: Biomonitoring Studies In Smokers Consuming American Blend CImentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Section: Biomonitoring Studies In Smokers Consuming American Blend CIsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Biomonitoring Studies In Smokers Consuming American Blend CImentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…Nevertheless, it is possible that the artificial feel of smoking topography devices alters puffing topography and/or smoking topography. To determine more accurately MLE to mainstream cigarette smoke in natural settings, the analysis of spent cigarette butts has been described as the least invasive of the methods mentioned above (9)(10)(11)(12). The basic principle is that the amount of "tar" and nicotine that emerge from the filter are proportional to the amounts trapped in the part-filter section.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ST.CHARLES et al described in detail a methodology based on 10-mm mouth end section analysis to avoid issues with filter ventilation, that is the so-called Part-Filter method (13). Various smoking behaviour studies have estimated the HS yield for nicotine and "tar" using filter analysis (9,14,15). The influence of cigarette design parameters or ingredients on HS-Nicotine and "tar" have been reported (16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

Cahours¹,

Julien²,

Verron³

et al. 2017

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe burning of a cigarette is a series of consecutive sequences of both passive and active burnings when a smoking cycle is applied to the cigarette. A previous study, using a smoking machine, showed that cigarette nicotine yields are dependent linearly on the difference between the time of smouldering (passive burning) and the time of smoking (active burning). It is predicted that the smoker's nicotine yield increases when the intensity of smoking increases, i.e., when the time to smoke a cigarette (smoking time) decreases. Note that observations made on machines might not be comparable to human behaviours. The aim of this study was to determine whether nicotine mouth-level exposure could be predicted through measurement of human smoking time. A smoking behaviour study was conducted to compare human smoking nicotine yields obtained from both filter tip analysis and the cigarette burning time model. Results showed that smokers' exposure to the smoke depends essentially on the speed at which the cigarette is smoked. An increase in human smoking intensity, resulting in a decrease in smoking time, generates an increase in smoke exposure, whatever the puff number, puff duration, puff volume and filter ventilation (open or blocked). The association of a machine smoking yield with a corresponding smoking time, and the time taken by a consumer to smoke the cigarette would provide information on the exposure to smoke constituents in a simple and effective manner. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 (2017)

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“…Duplication of smoking behavior provides a pseudo-real-time estimate of the smoke puff volume that a smoker receives. In practice, such measurements are generally obtained in a laboratory setting using a cigarette holder, which can affect smoking behavior (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis

Ding

Chou

Abdul-Salaam

et al. 2012

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most potent carcinogens generated in cigarette smoke. During smoking, cigarette filters trap a significant portion of mainstream smoke benzo [a]pyrene. This trapped portion is proportional to what exits the end of the filter and is drawn into the mouth of smokers.Methods: We developed a new method to estimate mouth-level BaP intake using filter analysis. In this analysis, cigarettes are smoked by a smoking machine using a variety of conditions to yield a range of mainstream smoke deliveries, which approximate a range of human puffing characteristics. Mainstream smoke BaP collected on Cambridge filter pads and the corresponding 1-cm mouth-end cigarette filter butts is extracted, purified by solid-phase extraction, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. On the basis of the amount of BaP retained in cigarette butts and the amount collected on pads, we can relate them using a linear regression model.Results: Using this model and subsequently analyzing cigarette filters collected from smokers, we are able to estimate their mouth-level intakes, which smokers received when they consumed cigarettes. We made a series of measurements using research cigarettes and select commercial cigarettes having a wide range of machine smoke "tar" and nicotine deliveries.Conclusions: In all cases, results indicate a linear relation of BaP between cigarette filter butts and Cambridge filter pads, with R 2 ranging from 0.93 to 0.98.

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Mouth level smoke exposure using analysis of filters from smoked cigarettes: A study of eight countries

Cited by 40 publications

References 45 publications

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

Development of a Method to Estimate Mouth-Level Benzo[a]pyrene Intake by Filter Analysis

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