Mouth Breathing: I. Etiology and Effects (a Review)

Emslie, R. D.; Massler, Maury; Zwemer, Jack D.

doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1952.0099

Cited by 70 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…[15][16][17][18] The research described in this article pointed out that growth of transverse craniofacial dimensions continues even after puberty; this was also observed by Athanasiou et al 16 (1992) and by Lux et al 18 (2004). An increase in these measurements in the sample studied was detected in a time period of two and a half years, starting at the age of 10 years and 9 months up to age 14.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Transverse craniofacial dimensions in Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion according to breathing mode

et al. 2010

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The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess the relation between the transverse craniofacial dimensions of subjects with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion and the breathing mode presented by them. Forty Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion subjects of both genders participated in the study, 23 of which were predominantly nose breathers and 17 were predominantly mouth breathers. The mean age ranged from 10 years and 9 months to 14 years -Age range 1; and from 13 years and 4 months to 16 years and 6 months -Age range 2. Measurements of six transverse craniofacial dimensions were performed in P-A teleradiographs: Total Sphenoid, Total Zygomatic, Total Nasal Cavity, Total Maxilla, Total Mastoid and Total Antegonion. The transversal craniofacial dimensions were measured and compared in both groups at age ranges 1 and 2. The longitudinal assessment of age ranges 1 and 2 showed that there was no statistically significant influence of the breathing mode on the craniofacial dimensions evaluated, or on the alteration of these dimensions. Breathing mode had no influence on craniofacial development in the sample studied.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Transverse craniofacial dimensions in Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion according to breathing mode

et al. 2010

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“…21 The dolichofacial type presented in 39% of the sample; studies were found in the literature which report that dolichofacial patients are the most likely to develop mouth-breathing, as they have nasal and nasopharyngeal structures that are narrower than those of patients of the other facial types. 22 This fact is currently challenged by another group of researchers, 23 and for this reason this work attempted to map the existence of malocclusions and, from analyzing the interaction of the assessed factors, this study was careful to involve the specialties connected to each factor since research in the area of Sports Dentistry is still rare in Brasil. Comparisons between types of sports, occurrence of stomatognathic problems and their correlation to withdrawal of the athletes from physical activity must also be considered in further studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of malocclusions in the 13-20-year-old categories of football athletes

et al. 2011

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The dentist can offer athletes improvement in their physical performance through the maintenance of oral health, preventing and treating any and all changes in the stomatognathic system, such as dental malocclusions, that compromise the athletes' performance. The objective of this study is to research the presence of dental malocclusions in athletes of the category between 13 and 20 years of age, from the São Paulo Football Club. 84 athletes participated in this study, dealing with the following topics: molar relation (Angle's classification); presence of overbite; underbite; overcrowding; abnormal spacing; open bite; and anterior, posterior, bilateral and unilateral crossbite; midline deviation and facial type (mesofacial, brachyfacial and dolichofacial). Only one table was made, showing percentages. In regard to Angle's molar relation, 89% are in Class I, 8% in Class II, 3% Class III, 9% of the athletes had overbite, 4% had underbite, 13% had overcrowding and 21% had abnormal spacing. In regard to the bite, 11% presented anterior open bite. In regard to crossbite, 7% presented unilateral crossbite on the right side and 2% on the left side; 5% presented posterior crossbite and 4% anterior crossbite. In regard to midline deviations, 4% presented deviation in the maxilla and 33% in the mandible. In regard to facial type: 39% are dolichofacial, 4% brachyfacial and 57% mesofacial. Based on the results shown, proposals for the implementation of dental, phoniatric, and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) practices are already being discussed with the multidisciplinary team of the club involved.

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“…Mouth breathing has long been perceived as an exacerbating factor in persistent marginal gingivitis (1)(2)(3)(4). Prolonged or continuous exposure of tissues in the anterior areas of the mouth to the drying effects of inspired air can lead to significant alteration of the normal homeostatic hydration state of periodontal tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others have considered that the loss of continuous salivary flow over marginal tissues in mouth breathers would reduce the antibacterial effect of saliva and the oral pH, thus compromising salivary cleansing of the area, and thereby either increasing the amount of plaque or altering its composition towards a predominantly pathogenic flora (2)(3)(4)(5). Another school of thought that precludes the association of mouth breathing with plaque alteration has emphasized that prolonged, intermittent gingival drying itself causes an inflammatory reaction (3,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized clinical trial of salivary substitute as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for management of periodontal inflammation in mouth breathing patients

Bhatia

Sharma

Tewari

et al. 2015

Journal of Oral Science

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Abstract:We investigated the outcome of conventional periodontal treatment in mouth breathing patients with chronic periodontitis, and compared the efficacy of applying salivary substitute to the anterior sextants as an adjunct to conventional treatment in such patients. In this randomized, investigator-blind, clinical study involving parallel groups, 40 mouth breathing patients were divided into two groups: a control group (CG, n = 20) comprising patients who received scaling and root planing (SRP), and a test group (TG, n = 20) who received salivary substitute as an adjunct to SRP for treatment of chronic periodontitis. The patients were followed up at various time intervals, and improvement of the gingival index (GI) was examined as the primary outcome. Student's t-test, repeated-measures ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test were applied for statistical analysis. Although periodontal parameters were improved in both groups after 8 weeks of follow-up, the test group showed better improvement in terms of GI and percentage bleeding on probing. Within the limits of this study, our results suggest that the use of salivary substitute has a beneficial adjunctive effect for improvement of periodontal parameters in mouth breathing patients with chronic periodontitis. (J Oral Sci 57, 241-247, 2015)

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Mouth Breathing: I. Etiology and Effects (a Review)

Cited by 70 publications

References 20 publications

Transverse craniofacial dimensions in Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion according to breathing mode

Transverse craniofacial dimensions in Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion according to breathing mode

Prevalence of malocclusions in the 13-20-year-old categories of football athletes

A randomized clinical trial of salivary substitute as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for management of periodontal inflammation in mouth breathing patients

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