Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science

Navarro, Kaela; Huss, Monika K; Smith, Jennifer; Sharp, Patrick; Marx, James O.; Pacharinsak, Cholawat

doi:10.1093/ilar/ilab016

Cited by 73 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 260 publications

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“…For small animal in vivo applications, anesthesia for times >1 h can cause negative impacts on animal health. 81, 82 Therefore, reducing AMF application time to around 1 h was necessary for demonstration of translatability of this approach. Increases in bioluminescent signals and luxB levels were seen after 1 h of continuous heating in a thermocycler ( Figure 6A, B ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetothermal control of temperature-sensitive repressors in superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle-coatedBacillus subtilis

Greeson

Madsen

Makela

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and resulting images can be used to guide magnetothermal heating. Alternating magnetic fields (AMF) cause local temperature increases in regions with SPIONs, and we investigated the ability of magnetic hyperthermia to regulate temperature-sensitive repressors (TSRs) of bacterial transcription. The TSR, TlpA39, was derived from a Gram-negative bacterium, and used here for thermal control of reporter gene expression in Gram-positive, Bacillus subtilis. In vitro heating of B. subtilis with TlpA39 controlling bacterial luciferase expression, resulted in a 14.6-fold (12-hour; h) and 1.8-fold (1-h) increase in reporter transcripts with a 9.0-fold (12-h) and 11.1-fold (1-h) increase in bioluminescence. To develop magnetothermal control, B. subtilis cells were coated with three SPION variations. Electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed an external association with, and retention of, SPIONs on B. subtilis. Furthermore, using long duration AMF we demonstrated magnetothermal induction of the TSRs in SPION-coated B. subtilis with a maximum of 4.6-fold increases in bioluminescence. After intramuscular injections of SPION-coated B. subtilis, histology revealed that SPIONs remained in the same locations as the bacteria. For in vivo studies, 1-h of AMF is the maximum exposure due to anesthesia constraints. Both in vitro and in vivo, there was no change in bioluminescence after 1-h of AMF treatment. Pairing TSRs with magnetothermal energy using SPIONs for localized heating with AMF can lead to transcriptional control that expands options for targeted bacteriotherapies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetothermal control of temperature-sensitive repressors in superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle-coatedBacillus subtilis

Greeson

Madsen

Makela

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In mice, loss of hindlimb withdrawal has been accepted as an indication of a surgical plane of anesthesia. 38 By this definition, all prairie dogs in this study reached a surgical plane of anesthesia 5 minutes after anesthetic induction with AKD and AKM. All animals in the AKD group maintained a surgical plane of anesthesia for 20 minutes, after which 4 of 9 animals gradually regained hindlimb and forelimb withdrawal, jaw tone, and palpebral reflexes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic effects of alfaxalone-ketamine-midazolam and alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine administered intramuscularly in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Hiebert

Eshar

Sarvi

et al. 2022

ajvr

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OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the anesthetic effects of alfaxalone-ketamine-midazolam (AKM) and alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (AKD) in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). ANIMALS 9 male black-tailed prairie dogs. PROCEDURES Prairie dogs were anesthetized with AKM (6 mg/kg alfaxalone, 30 mg/kg ketamine, and 1.5 mg/kg midazolam) and AKD (6 mg/kg alfaxalone, 30 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.15 mg/kg dexmedetomidine) in a prospective, complete cross-over study. Atipamezole (1.5 mg/kg) after AKD or flumazenil (0.1mg/kg) after AKM was administered 45 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Onset of general anesthesia, physiologic parameters, depth of anesthesia, and time to recovery after reversal administration were evaluated for each treatment. RESULTS Both AKM and AKD produced a deep plane of anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs that varied in duration. The median induction times for AKM and AKD were 82 and 60 seconds, respectively. The median recovery times for AKM and AKD were 27 and 21 minutes, respectively. There were no significant differences between protocols for induction (P = .37) and recovery (P = .51) times. All measured reflexes were absent in all animals at 5 minutes postinduction, with hindlimb reflexes returning prior to forelimb reflexes. Heart rate was lower but respiratory rate was higher in the AKD treatment. Body temperature decreased significantly for both protocols (P < .001) and was significantly lower with AKM than AKD (P < .001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both AKM and AKD produced a deep plane of anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs. For both protocols, heat support and oxygen support are indicated.

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“…22 Invasive procedures were conducted under general anesthesia using isoflurane (1.5% to 2.0%, depending on the toe pinch reflex). 23 We minimized the number of animals based on an estimation from our previous studies. 24 We carefully observed the health conditions of mice (at least 6 days a week) to decrease their suffering.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luseogliflozin inhibits high glucose-induced TGF-β2 expression in mouse cardiomyocytes by suppressing NHE-1 activity

et al. 2022

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Objective Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exhibit cardioprotective properties in patients with diabetes. However, SGLT2 is not expressed in the heart, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated whether the SGLT2 inhibitor luseogliflozin exerts beneficial effects on high glucose-exposed cardiomyocytes via the suppression of sodium-hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) activity. Methods Mouse cardiomyocytes were incubated under normal or high glucose conditions with vehicle, luseogliflozin, or the NHE-1 inhibitor cariporide. NHE-1 activity and gene expression were evaluated by the SNARF assay and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, respectively. Six-week-old male db/db mice were treated with vehicle or luseogliflozin for 6 weeks, and the hearts were collected for histological, RT-PCR, and western blot analyses. Results High glucose increased NHE-1 activity and transforming growth factor (Tgf)-β 2 mRNA levels in cardiomyocytes, both of which were inhibited by luseogliflozin or cariporide, whereas their combination showed no additive suppression of Tgf-β2 mRNA levels. Luseogliflozin attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in db/db mice in association with decreased mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β2. Conclusions Luseogliflozin may suppress cardiac hypertrophy in diabetes by reducing Tgf-β2 expression in cardiomyocytes via the suppression of NHE-1 activity.

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Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science

Cited by 73 publications

References 260 publications

Magnetothermal control of temperature-sensitive repressors in superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle-coatedBacillus subtilis

Magnetothermal control of temperature-sensitive repressors in superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle-coatedBacillus subtilis

Anesthetic effects of alfaxalone-ketamine-midazolam and alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine administered intramuscularly in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Luseogliflozin inhibits high glucose-induced TGF-β2 expression in mouse cardiomyocytes by suppressing NHE-1 activity

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