Mountain honeybees of Africa

Hepburn, H. R.; Radloff, Sarah E.; Oghiakhe, S.

doi:10.1051/apido:2000117

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…contradiction to Bergmann's rule of smaller bees in the Iranian highlands and larger bees around the Caspian Sea is resolved by the existence of two separate clines, one extending from the Mediterranean to the Iranian highlands, and a second cline extending from the Caspian shore to the high altitudes of the Elbrus Mountains. In accordance with this rule, both clines predominantly encompass size measurements, which fits with the different examples known of this rule applying to A. mellifera, both in relation to absolute geographic latitude [13,14] and to altitude [5,6,13], and also to A. florea [17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…In relation to wing size, an increase in wing area is likely to be necessitated to retain a favorable excess power index (EPI) [5] required for efficient flight at high altitudes. Concurrently, in an analysis of 7 African mountain systems, a clear increase in wing dimensions has been demonstrated by Hepburn et al [6], and has also been found in the Yemen [7] and in A. florea [18]. In relation to leg size, again Allen's rule is not generally met in honey bees [15], or in the current data set.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Ecoclines in the Near East along 36^? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

2000

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-The ideas examined and the results presented in the last unfinished manuscript of Friedrich Ruttner have been further developed. Within the 6 populations of the Near East distinguishable by morphometry, the bees of Massandaran in Iran occupy an important position due to their large size. Even sea-level bees exceed the size of the bees of the elevated region of Central Iran, which seems to contradict Bergmanns' s rule. An extended study had revealed that this population, clearly belonging to the subspecies Apis mellifera meda, shows a very distinct size increase from the Caspian Sea to the northern slope of the Elbrus Mountains, rising to 2 200 m in elevation. A similar but less pronounced ecocline with a marked increase in size can be found reaching up from the Mediterranean coast to the elevated Central Iranian region. The general pattern within A. m. meda in the region along 36°N latitude thus generally confirms Bergmann's rule, thus providing a fine example of an ecoclinal structure. However, size differences between the extremes, i.e., the Mediterranean and the coast of the Caspian Sea remain marked, which indicates an additional genetic component linked to a different history of the populations. This might prove to be an interesting aspect, as the area covered by A. meda is suspected to have played a major role in the evolution of A. mellifera. Apis mellifera meda / morphometry / ecoclineApidologie 31 (2000) 157-165 157

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Ecoclines in the Near East along 36^? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

2000

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“…The strong inter-correlation between the environmental variables did not allow further differentiation between these. Yunnan bees thus give further support to the rule that bees are bigger and darker in high-altitude areas, which has repeatedly been found in A. mellifera (Ruttner, 1988;Ruttner et al, 2000;Hepburn et al, 2000) but also in A. cerana (Verma et al, 1994) and A. florea (Ruttner et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Morphological characterization ofApis ceranain the Yunnan Province of China

et al. 2003

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-Morphological features of Apis cerana Fabr. in Yunnan Province of China were studied using morphometrical methods. Samples of A. cerana were collected from feral colonies in 14 locations of Yunnan Province, covering the main ecological regions. 38 standard morphometric characters recommended by Ruttner et al. (Apidologie 9, 363-381, 1978) were measured. The data were statistically analysed by factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and cluster analysis and compared to samples from the Oberursel data bank from Beijing,

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“…The elevated regions in Luzon, especially in northern Luzon, are traceable to the mid-Miocene period [6]. The main characters, which are greater size compared to the neighboring low-elevation population, hairiness, shorter legs, dark color, mostly agree with the general pattern found in mountain-dwelling bees [10,12,13]. Without any evidence for a strong genetic contrast [4] to the surrounding population, these may be so far be considered as a typical mountain variety, which evolved due to differences in ecological conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Morphometric diversity of Apis cerana Fabr. within the Philippines

et al. 2000

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counterpart, A. mellifera L., the understanding of its taxonomy and biology is only in the beginning. Early taxonomists like Maa [11] had split up the eastern cavitynesting bees into 11 species and several subspecies. Based on groups generated by Abstract -The diversity of Apis cerana Fabr. in the Philippines was studied using morphometric methods. A total of 101 samples of A. cerana from feral and hived colonies, and foragers were collected throughout the Philippine archipelago. The 39 morphometric characters recommended by Ruttner and Ruttner et al. were measured. The data were statistically analyzed by means of factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and cluster analysis. The bees from Palawan were unequivocally distinct and separate from the other Philippine samples. The bees from the other Philippine islands still showed a high degree of variation. The bees of Luzon differed clearly from those of Visayas and Mindanao. Within Luzon, the bees from the highland differed clearly from those in the lowland and were regarded as separate groups. Bees from Visayas and Mindanao were still very variable and showed potential for further sub-structuring. The present analysis could not distinguish whether the difference between Luzon and Visayas-Mindanao was based on a north-south clinal structure, or on distinct groups. INTRODUCTION Apis ceranaApis cerana / Philippines / morphometry / biogeography

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Mountain honeybees of Africa

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Ecoclines in the Near East along 36^? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

Ecoclines in the Near East along 36^? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

Morphological characterization ofApis ceranain the Yunnan Province of China

Morphometric diversity of Apis cerana Fabr. within the Philippines

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Mountain honeybees of Africa

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Ecoclines in the Near East along 36? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

Ecoclines in the Near East along 36? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

Morphological characterization ofApis ceranain the Yunnan Province of China

Morphometric diversity of Apis cerana Fabr. within the Philippines

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Product

Resources

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Ecoclines in the Near East along 36^? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.

Ecoclines in the Near East along 36^? N latitude in Apis mellifera L.