Carbonate reservoir rocks can exhibit highly variable
and intricate
pore systems at multiple scales, for which the distribution of wettability
is largely unknown. To improve understanding of pore-scale wettability,
a set of outcrop and reservoir carbonate plugs was treated by partial
drainage of brine by crude oil and aging, for a variety of brine–oil
combinations and conditions. Wettability alteration was imaged by
high resolution scanning electron microscopy of the oil footprint
remaining on internal rock surfaces after removal of oil and brine
with mild solvents. The wettability distribution on the calcite microparticles,
which comprised microporous regions and lined vugular macropores,
showed a characteristic, but unconventional, mixed-wet pattern of
distinct, coexisting oil-wet and water-wet subareas. Oil deposition
was limited to the less crystalline (anhedral) faces of these particles,
while neighboring crystalline (euhedral) facets remained water-wet.
Supporting measurements of ζ-potential, contact angle, and initial
brine saturation demonstrated that this face-selective alteration
was formed by spontaneous drainage during aging, which appeared to
favor oil deposition on facet edges and surrounding anhedral faces,
thus preventing brine drainage from euhedral facets. This unifying
pattern may simplify the integration of realistic wettability distributions
into pore models of carbonate cores to predict oil recovery. Spontaneous
imbibition of brine was sometimes observed to cause retraction of
oil deposits on anhedral faces. The visualization of such changes
can aid in designing the ionic composition of the flood brine to induce
a shift toward water-wetting and enhance recovery from carbonates.